Journal Articles

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Low serum glycine strengthens the association between branched-chain amino acids and impaired insulin sensitivity assessed before and after weight loss in a population with pre-diabetes: The PREVIEW_NZ cohort
(Elsevier, 2024-12) Lim, Jia Jiet; Prodhan, Utpal K; Silvestre, Marta P; Liu, Amy Y; McLay, Jessica; Fogelholm, Mikael; Raben, Anne; Poppitt, Sally D; Cameron-Smith, David
Aim
Accumulation of circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) is a hallmark feature of impaired insulin sensitivity. As intracellular BCAA catabolism is dependent on glycine availability, we hypothesised that the concurrent measurement of circulating glycine and BCAA may yield a stronger association with markers of insulin sensitivity than either BCAA or glycine alone. This study therefore examined the correlative relationships of BCAA, BCAA and glycine together, plus glycine alone on insulin sensitivity-related markers before and after an 8-week low energy diet (LED) intervention.
Methods
This is a secondary analysis of the PREVIEW (PREVention of diabetes through lifestyle Intervention and population studies in Europe and around the World) Study New Zealand sub-cohort. Eligible participants with pre-diabetes at baseline who achieved ≥8 % body weight loss following an LED intervention were included, of which 167 paired (Week 0 and Week 8) blood samples were available for amino acid analysis. Glycemic and other data were retrieved from the PREVIEW consortium database. Repeated measures linear mixed models were used to test the association between amino acids and insulin sensitivity-related markers (HOMA2-IR, glucose, insulin, and C-peptide).
Results
Elevated BCAA was associated with impaired insulin sensitivity (p < 0.05), with strength of association (ηp2) almost doubled when glycine was added to the model. However, glycine in isolation was not associated with insulin sensitivity-related markers. The magnitude (β-estimates) of positive association between BCAA and HOMA2-IR, and inverse association between glycine and HOMA2-IR, increased when body weight was higher (Body weight∗BCAA, Body weight∗glycine, p < 0.05, both).
Conclusion
Low serum glycine strengthened the association between BCAA and impaired insulin sensitivity. Given that glycine is necessary to facilitate intracellular BCAA catabolism, measurement of glycine is necessary to complement BCAA analysis to comprehensively understand the contribution of amino acid metabolism in insulin sensitivity.
Clinical trial registration
This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01777893).
Mycoplasma genitalium Antimicrobial Resistance in Community and Sexual Health Clinic Patients, Auckland, New Zealand
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2020-02) Vesty, Anna; McAuliffe, Gary; Roberts, Sally; Henderson, Gillian; Basu, Indira
Our retrospective study compared genotypic antimicrobial resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium-positive specimens collected from 48 community and 33 sexual health clinic (SHC) patients. Macrolide resistance was similar in community (75%) and SHC (76%) patients. We observed no significant difference in fluoroquinolone resistance between community (19%) and SHC (27%) patients (p = 0.66).
The Changi-Marina Bay Corridor: green strategies for Singapore’s soft power
(Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2023-03) Micheli, Silvia; Brugman, Johanna
Singapore’s city-making strategies are seen by many Asia Pacific cities as a model to achieve today’s desired ‘world-class city’ status. They represent a source of innovation to design alternative configurations and rethink established norms of urban and social standards. This article looks at the urban landscape of the city of Singapore through infrastructural systems instead of individual design masterpieces, focusing on the urban corridor defined by the connection of Changi Airport, East Coast Parkway (ECP), and Marina Bay as a single urban entity, unified by a visual and experiential choreography. At a time of intense global competition in the aviation industry, Changi has deployed new strategies to sustain its reputation as an innovative transportation hub. The leg between Changi Airport and Marina Bay is an integral part of Singapore, experienced by the majority of its annual visitors arriving in the city-state. The 19-kilometre route, a major infrastructural project begun in the 1970s and still in progress, is a highly landscaped and scenic artery of the island, through which the airport has injected its hyper-urbanism into the city. While conveying the history of the developments of the Corridor, we consider the soft power strategies used by the city state to develop a form of transnational elite urbanism based on leisure and recreation, where urban planning, design, and green infrastructure play a key role. We reflect on the global and local dimension of Singapore, discussing how the ECP corridor reveals only one side of the city’s double character.On the one hand, this article critically analyses the rhetorical use of landscaping ingrained in the Corridor to attract foreign investment and tourism, where the artificialisation of green interventions has overwritten the presence of the native vegetation and morphology. On the other hand, we reflect on the less evident but nonetheless split that the Corridor has generated between the city’s southern residential areas and foreshore. While cutting through the urban tissue of part of the island seamlessly and without interruption, the Corridor does in fact separate out substantial residential areas, turning Singapore successful green strategies into a form of urban injustice. The twofold nature of the corridor – at the same time, that of the ‘connector’ and ‘divider’ – thus reflects Singapore’s intrinsic ambiguity: its manifestation of global ambitions set against its local realities. This article unpacks the planning mechanisms used to design this development, including the land reclamation powers of the state and the government land sales programme. It also discusses the strategies and choices underpinning the urban sequence of the ECP’s infrastructural nodes, from the Jewel (2019) to the Conservatories (2012). Drawing on official documentation from Singapore’s Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), field research, and using a multidisciplinary lens, this article interpolates architectural and planning studies with insights gleaned by onsite investigation.
Paired risk scores to predict ischaemic and bleeding risk twenty-eight days to one year after an acute coronary syndrome.
(BMJ, 2023-11) Kerr, Andrew J; Choi, Yeunhyang; Williams, Michael J A; Stewart, Ralph A H; White, Harvey D; Devlin, Gerry; Selak, Vanessa; Lee, Mildred Ai Wei; El-Jack, Seif; Adamson, Philip D; Fairley, Sarah; Jackson, Rodney T; Poppe, Katrina
Objective
The recommended duration of dual anti-platelet therapy (DAPT) following acute coronary syndrome (ACS) varies from 1 month to 1 year depending on the balance of risks of ischaemia and major bleeding. We designed paired ischaemic and major bleeding risk scores to inform this decision.
Methods
New Zealand (NZ) patients with ACS investigated with coronary angiography are recorded in the All NZ ACS Quality Improvement registry and linked to national health datasets. Patients were aged 18-84 years (2012-2020), event free at 28 days postdischarge and without atrial fibrillation. Two 28-day to 1-year postdischarge multivariable risk prediction scores were developed: (1) cardiovascular mortality/rehospitalisation with myocardial infarction or ischaemic stroke (ischaemic score) and (2) bleeding mortality/rehospitalisation with bleeding (bleeding score).
Findings
In 27 755 patients, there were 1200 (4.3%) ischaemic and 548 (2.0%) major bleeding events. Both scores were well calibrated with moderate discrimination performance (Harrell's c-statistic 0.75 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.77) and 0.69 (95% CI, 0.67 to 0 .71), respectively). Applying these scores to the 2020 European Society of Cardiology ACS antithrombotic treatment algorithm, the 31% of the cohort at elevated (>2%) bleeding and ischaemic risk would be considered for an abbreviated DAPT duration. For those at low bleeding risk, but elevated ischaemic risk (37% of the cohort), prolonged DAPT may be appropriate, and for those with low bleeding and ischaemic risk (29% of the cohort) short duration DAPT may be justified.
Conclusion
We present a pair of ischaemic and bleeding risk scores specifically to assist clinicians and their patients in deciding on DAPT duration beyond the first month post-ACS.
The impact of the social media industry as a commercial determinant of health on the digital food environment for children and adolescents: a scoping review
(BMJ, 2025-02) Lafontaine, Jesse; Hanson, Isabel; Wild, Cervantée
Introduction
There is emerging evidence that the social media industry contributes to adverse health outcomes by shaping the digital food environment for children and adolescents (aged 0-18). The aim of this scoping review was to determine the extent of research on how the social media industry, including the broader online landscape, influences the digital food environment and affects child and adolescent health.
Methods
A scoping review was conducted in the electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus and PsycINFO, along with forward and reverse citation searching for peer-reviewed articles published in English between 2000 and May 2023. A qualitative descriptive synthesis of the included articles was performed to identify trends, themes and research gaps in the current literature.
Results
The review identified 36 articles for inclusion. Most research was conducted in high-income countries and publications have increased since 2021. The review found most children and adolescents are exposed to food advertisements on social media and most advertised food is ultra-processed. Heightened by a lack of social media advertising awareness, digital food marketing influences children and youth's consumption and food behaviour. Voluntary children's food marketing regulations are ineffective for the online environment. Countering unhealthy food marketing will require media literacy and government regulation.
Conclusion
The social media industry may act as a commercial determinant of health to shape the digital food environment as an extension of the obesogenic environment. Further research should explore approaches to monitor unhealthy food marketing practices and understand social media's role in the digital food environment.
Barriers and enablers of access to diabetes eye care in Auckland, New Zealand: a qualitative study
(BMJ, 2025-01) Silwal, Pushkar Raj; Pirouzi, Maryam; Murphy, Rinki; Harwood, Matire; Grey, Corina; Squirrell, David; Ramke, Jacqueline
Objective
To explore the barriers and enablers to accessing diabetes eye care services among adults in Auckland.
Design
This was a qualitative study that used semistructured interviews. We performed a thematic analysis and described the main barriers and enablers to accessing services using the Theoretical Domains Framework.
Setting
The study took place in two of the three public funding and planning agencies that provide primary and secondary health services in Auckland, the largest city in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Participants
Thirty people with diabetes in Auckland who had experienced interrupted diabetes eye care, having missed at least one appointment or being discharged back to their general practitioner after missing several appointments.
Results
We identified barriers and enablers experienced by our predominantly Pacific and Māori participants that aligned with 7 (of the 14) domains in the Theoretical Domains Framework. The most reported barriers were transport issues, lack of awareness regarding the importance of retinal screening, time constraints, limited and/or inflexible appointment times and competing family commitments. Enablers included positive interactions with healthcare providers and timely appointment notifications and reminders.
Conclusions
Diabetes eye services could be made more responsive by addressing systemic barriers such as service location and transport links, appointment availability and meaningful information to aid understanding.
Reduced foveal crowding contributes to improvement in acuity following flicker adaptation
(Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO), 2024-09-15) Tagoh, Selassie; Schwarzkopf, Samuel; Dakin, Steven
Flicker adaptation improves acuity for briefly presented (masked) stimuli (Arnold et al, PNAS, v113 p12556-61, 2016). We investigated the role that fixation-stability, pupil-size and susceptibility to foveal crowding might play in this effect. We measured visual acuity by having observers (n = 20) report the orientation of a white tumbling- “T” target. Observers were either unadapted or had adapted to a 60Hz flickering noise pattern (30s first trial, 4s trial-by-trial top-up). The target was presented for 110ms (immediately followed by a mask) and could appear in isolation or flanked by a pair of randomly oriented “T”s. A second cohort of observers (n = 35) performed the acuity task (flanked target only), while undergoing eye-tracking. This stimulus arrangement led to high levels of foveal crowding with recognition acuity for flanked letters (0.049 LogMAR) being around 0.16 LogMAR worse than for unflanked letters. Adaptation to flicker moderately improved visual acuity for flanked (-0.038 LogMAR) but not for unflanked (-0.008 LogMAR) optotypes. The magnitude of acuity-improvement was correlated with individuals’ (unadapted) susceptibility to crowding; those more susceptible to crowding showed greater improvement (r = -0.55, p = 0.006). In conclusion, we confirm that flicker adaptation improves acuity for briefly presented crowded letters (Arnold et al., 2016). While we agree with suggestions that these improvements arise from a reduction in sensitivity to transient low spatial frequency image structure, our results demonstrate that this may improve acuity at least in part by reducing foveal crowding.
Deep Free‐Gas Accumulation Beneath the Chatham Rise, New Zealand—An AVO Study
(American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2024-08) Macnaughtan, Michael T; Pecher, Ingo A; Strachan, Lorna J; Crutchley, Gareth J
Subduction zones serve as carbon recycling centers, where vast amassments of geologic carbon accrete or subduct through thermogenic gas windows over millions of years. We focus on New Zealand's Chatham Rise, a fossilized accretionary wedge remnant of the ∼400 Myr‐active East Gondwanan margin. We undertake an amplitude‐variation‐with‐offset (AVO)‐based seismic analysis of the abiogenic Mesozoic sedimentary sequence (MES) and overlying Sequence Y chalk interval, which span the Chatham Rise's northwestern slope. Two‐term AVO attribute analysis resulted in the interpretation of distinct AVO Class III–IV reflection anomalies, which demarcate the siliciclastic MES from overlying Sequence Y chalks. Unified through their strong negative intercept amplitudes, Class III anomalies increase in absolute amplitude with angle, while Class IV anomalies decrease in absolute amplitude with angle of incidence. Simultaneous AVO inversion of seismic data highlighted the presence of P‐impedance anomalies, which directly underlie the regionally occurring Sequence Y chalk interval. Class III anomalies are modeled and interpreted as the result of a previously undefined coarse‐grained lithofacies, bearing low saturations (2%–10%) of free gas. Co‐occurring ClassIV AVO anomalies are modeled to provide evidence for a fine‐grained upper MES, bearing similarly low saturations of free‐gas in pore space. We speculate on the gas' origin, which could be from the Hikurangi subduction margin, in situ ancient microbial activity, or a new undetermined source related to the ancient East Gondwanan subduction margin and accretionary wedge.
A systematic review of the early impact of artificial intelligence on higher education curriculum, instruction, and assessment
(Frontiers Media, 2025) Liang, Jingjing; Stephens, Jason; Brown, Gavin
The emergence of generative artificial intelligence (AI) presents many opportunities and challenges to teaching and learning in higher education. However, compared to studentor administration-facing AI, little attention has been given to the impact of AI on faculty's perspective or their curriculum, instruction, and assessment (CIA) practices. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review of articles published within the first nine months following the release of ChatGPT. After screening following PRISMA statement guidelines, our review yielded 33 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Most of these studies (n = 17) were conducted in Asia, and simulation and modeling were the most frequently used methods (n = 15). Thematic analysis of the studies resulted in four themes about the impact of AI on CIA triad: (a) generation of new material, (b) reduction of staff workload, (c) automation/optimization of evaluation, and (d) challenges for CIA. Overall, this review informs the promising contribution of AI to higher education CIA practices as well as the potential challenges and problems it introduces. Implications for future research and practices are proposed.
Application of the screening test principles to screening for neonatal hypoglycemia
(Frontiers, 2022-01) Alsweiler, JM; Heather, N; Harris, DL; McKinlay, CJD
Severe and prolonged neonatal hypoglycemia can cause brain injury, while the long-term consequences of mild or transitional hypoglycemia are uncertain. As neonatal hypoglycemia is often asymptomatic it is routine practice to screen infants considered at risk, including infants of mothers with diabetes and those born preterm, small or large, with serial blood tests over the first 12-24 h after birth. However, to prevent brain injury, the gold standard would be to determine if an infant has neuroglycopenia, for which currently there is not a diagnostic test. Therefore, screening of infants at risk for neonatal hypoglycemia with blood glucose monitoring does not meet several screening test principles. Specifically, the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of transient neonatal hypoglycemia are not well understood and there is no direct evidence from randomized controlled trials that treatment of hypoglycemia improves long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. There have been no studies that have compared the long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of at-risk infants screened for neonatal hypoglycemia and those not screened. However, screening infants at risk of hypoglycemia and treating those with hypoglycaemic episodes to maintain the blood glucose concentrations ≥2.6 mmol/L appears to preserve cognitive function compared to those without episodes. This narrative review explores the evidence for screening for neonatal hypoglycemia, the effectiveness of blood glucose screening as a screening test and recommend future research areas to improve screening for neonatal hypoglycemia. Screening babies at-risk of neonatal hypoglycemia continues to be necessary, but as over a quarter of all infants may be screened for neonatal hypoglycemia, further research is urgently needed to determine the optimal method of screening and which infants would benefit from screening and treatment.
The impact of prolonged, maternal iodine exposure in early gestation on neonatal thyroid function
(Frontiers, 2023-01) Mathews, Divya M; Peart, Jane M; Sim, Robert G; O'Sullivan, Susannah; Derraik, José GB; Heather, Natasha L; Webster, Dianne; Johnson, Neil P; Hofman, Paul L
Context
Hysterosalpingography (HSG) using oil-soluble contrast medium (OSCM) improves pregnancy rates but results in severe and persistent iodine excess, potentially impacting the fetus and neonate.
Objective
To determine the incidence of thyroid dysfunction in newborns conceived within six months of OSCM HSG.
Design
Offspring study of a prospective cohort of women who underwent OSCM HSG.
Setting
Auckland region, New Zealand (2020-2022).
Participants
Offspring from the SELFI (Safety and Efficacy of Lipiodol in Fertility Investigations) study cohort (n=57).
Measurements
All newborns had a dried blood spot card for TSH measurement 48 hours after birth as part of New Zealand's Newborn Metabolic Screening Programme. Forty-one neonates also had a heel prick serum sample at one week to measure thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3). Maternal urine iodine concentration (UIC) and TSH in the six months after OSCM HSG were retrieved from the SELFI study for analyses.
Primary outcome
Incidence of hypothyroidism in the neonatal period.
Results
There was no evidence of primary hypothyroidism on newborn screening (TSH 2-10 mIU/L). All neonates tested at one week had normal serum TSH, FT4, and FT3 levels. However, increasing maternal peak UIC levels during pregnancy were associated with lower TSH levels (p= 0.006), although also associated with lower FT4 levels (p=0.032).
Conclusions
While pre-conceptional OSCM HSG in women did not result in neonatal hypothyroidism, gestational iodine excess was associated with a paradoxical lowering of neonatal TSH levels despite lower FT4 levels. These changes likely reflect alterations in deiodinase activity in the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary axis from iodine excess.
Trial registration
https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12620000738921, identifier 12620000738921.
The use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in newborn screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia: improvements and future perspectives
(Frontiers, 2023-01) de Hora, Mark; Heather, Natasha; Webster, Dianne; Albert, Benjamin; Hofman, Paul
Newborn screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia using 17-hydroxyprogesterone by immunoassay remains controversial despite screening been available for almost 40 years. Screening is confounded by poor immunoassay specificity, fetal adrenal physiology, stress, and illness which can result in a large number of false positive screening tests. Screening programmes apply higher screening thresholds based on co-variates such as birthweight or gestational age but the false positive rate using immunoassay remains high. Mass spectrometry was first applied to newborn screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia over 15 years ago. Elevated 17-hydroxprogesterone by immunoassay can be retested with a specific liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay that may include additional steroid markers. Laboratories register with quality assurance programme providers to ensure accurate steroid measurements. This has led to improvements in screening but there are additional costs and added laboratory workload. The search for novel steroid markers may inform further improvements to screening. Studies have shown that 11-oxygenated androgens are elevated in untreated patients and that the adrenal steroidogenesis backdoor pathway is more active in babies with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. There is continual interest in 21-deoxycortisol, a specific marker of 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The measurement of androgenic steroids and their precursors by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in bloodspots may inform improvements for screening, diagnosis, and treatment monitoring. In this review, we describe how liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry has improved newborn screening for congenital adrenal hyperplasia and explore how future developments may inform further improvements to screening and diagnosis.
Development and external validation of the ‘Global Surgical-Site Infection’ (GloSSI) predictive model in adult patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery
(Oxford University Press (OUP), 2024-06-12) KA, McLean; SR, Knight; N, Clark; A, Ademuyiwa; A, Adisa; M, Aguilera-Arevalo; D, Ghosh; PD, Haque; I, Lawani; A Ramos-De la, Medina; F, Ntirenganya; S, Samuel; S, Tabiri; JF, Simões; CA, Shaw; SK, Kamarajah; M, Picciochi; R, Pius; T, Pinkney; E, Li; D, Morton; D, Nepogodiev; JC, Glasbey; A, Bhangu; EM, Harrison; AO, Ademuyiwa; AO, Adisa; ML, Aguilera; A, Altamini; P, Alexander; SW, Al-Saqqa; G, Borda-Luque; J, Cornick; A, Costas-Chavarri; TM, Drake; SJ, Fergusson; JE, Fitzgerald; J, Glasbey; JA, Ingabire; L, Ismaïl; Z, Jaffry; HK, Salem; C, Khatri; A, Kirby; ATT, Kojo; MC, Lapitan; R, Lilford; AL, Mihaljevic; M, Mohan; D, Morton; AZ, Mutabazi; D, Nepogodiev; F, Ntirenganya; R, Ots; F, Pata; T, Pinkney; T, Poškus; AU, Qureshi; A Ramos-De la, Medina; S, Rayne; G, Recinos; K, Søreide; CA, Shaw; S, Shu; R, Spence; N, Smart; S, Tabiri; EM, Harrison; A, Bhangu; A, Verjee; E, Runigamugabo; THA, Ali; S, Rekhis; M, Rommaneh; O, Halhouli; ZH, Sam; L, Ismaïl; V, Kalles; F, Pata; GE, Nita; F, Coccolini; L, Ansaloni; TB, Pugliesi; R, Blanco; N, Gobin; AV, Freitas; N, Hall; S, Kim; A, Negida; H, Khairy; Z, Jaffry; SJ, Chapman; AP, Arnaud; S, Tabiri; G, Recinos; Cutting Edge, Manipal; M, Mohan; R, Amandito; M, Shawki; M, Hanrahan; F, Pata; C, Khatri; J, Zilinskas; AC, Roslani; CC, Goh; AO, Ademuyiwa; G, Irwin; S, Shu; L, Luque; H, Shiwani; A, Altamimi; SJ, Fergusson; R, Spence; S, Rayne; J, Jeyakumar; Y, Cengiz; DA, Raptis; JC, Glasbey; MM, Modolo; D, Iyer; S, King; T, Arthur; SN, Nahar; A, Waterman; L, Ismaïl; M, Walsh; A, Agarwal; A, Zani; M, Firdouse; T, Rouse; Q, Liu; JC, Correa; HK, Salem; P, Talving; M, Worku; A, Arnaud; S, Tabiri; V, Kalles; ML, Aguilera; G, Recinos; B, Kumar; S, Kumar; R, Amandito; R, Quek; F, Pata; L, Ansaloni; A, Altibi; D, Venskutonis; J, Zilinskas; T, Poskus; J, Whitaker; V, Msosa; YY, Tew; A, Farrugia; E, Borg; A Ramos-De la, Medina; Z, Bentounsi; AO, Ademuyiwa; K, Søreide; T, Gala; I, Al-Slaibi; H, Tahboub; OH, Alser; D, Romani; S, Shu; P, Major; A, Mironescu; M, Bratu; A, Kourdouli; A, Ndajiwo; A, Altwijri; MU, Alsaggaf; A, Gudal; JJ, Al-Faifi; S, Seisay; B, Lieske; S, Rayne; R, Spence; I, Ortega; J, Jeyakumar; KJ, Senanayake; O, Abdulbagi; Y, Cengiz; D, Raptis; Y, Altinel; C, Kong; E, Teasdale; G, Irwin; M, Stoddart; R, Kabariti; S, Suresh; K, Gash; R, Narayanan; M, Maimbo; R, Balmaceda; C, Fermani; MM, Modolo; R, Chenn; M, Edye; N, Gobin; E, Macdermid; CO, Yong; SK, D'amours; D, Iyer; M, Jarmin; J, Brown; N, Phillips; D, Youssef; R, George; C, Koh; O, Warren; I, Hanley; M, Dickfos; C, Nawara; F, Primavesi; D, Öfner; H, Hakim; M, Hussain; T, Kumar; K, Mahmud; AR, Mitul; A, Oosterkamp; PA, Assouto; I, Lawani; YI, Souaibou; VDP, Castillo; G, Moreira; MM, Munhoz; MC, Careta; SAK, Ferreira; LCB De Castro, Segundo; ADL, Cury; SB, Kim; AV De, Sousa; GP, Fraga; DVD, Santos; RL, Simoes; GPS, Miguel; BP, Silvestre; AVC De, Freitas; CO, Felipe; LAV, Laufer; JGP, Vianna; F, Altoe; TF, Giuriato; JS, Luiz; PAB, Morais; ML, Pimenta; LAD, Silva; R, Araujo; A, Leal; M, Leal; J, Menegussi; LS, Tatagiba; CVB De, Lima; CL, Chong; AK, Tun; KP, Aung; CL, Chong; LS, Yeo; CL, Chong; GH, Devadasar; MRM, Qadir; S, Stock; J, Brown; J, Kabba; TE, Ngwa; S, Nigo; DL, Deckelbaum; A, Horobjowsky; T, Razek; K, Bailey; B, Cameron; M, Livingston; A, Agarwal; G, Azzie; M, Firdouse; S, King; S, Kushwaha; A, Zani; N, D'aguzan; E, Grasset; B, Marinkovic; E, Grasset; J, Jimenez; R, Macchiavello; W, Guo; J, Oh; Z, Zhang; F, Zheng; M, Mendez; I, Montes; S, Sierra; MCM, Arango; I, Mendoza; MI, Villegas; FAN, Aristizã bal; JAM, Botero; VMQ, Riaza; MCM, Arango; C, Morales; J, Restrepo; MCM, Arango; H, Cruz; A, Munera; N, Pezelj; M, Radic; K, Zamarin; E, Domini; R, Karlo; J, Mihanovic; M, Hache-Marliere; SB, Lemaire; R, Rivas; MAB, Fahmy; A, Hassan; A, Khyrallh; G, Shimy; I, AbdelFattah; M, Abdulgawad; M, Abozaid; A, Adel; A, Al-Mallah; M, Alhendy; M, Baheeg; A, Elgebaly; AE, Elshafay; AA, Fattah; M, Gemeah; A, Gharib; A, Gharib; A, Gouda; M, Hanafy; A, Hasan; A, Kenibar; A, Menshawy; A, Mohammed; A, Mohammed; O, Osman; O, Saleh; A, Sayed; M, Abdelkader; M, Asal; M, Elfil; M, Ghoneem; MEAM, Gohar; A, Gomaa; M, Gomah; M, Karkeet; A, Nabawi; H, Rashwan; O, Alahmady; A, Alkammash; AAA, Ata; AM, Attia; AA El, Galeel; NA El, Hamid; KS, El-Dien; E, Elbanby; AM, Elkorashy; U, Hantour; AHE, Kotb; B, Mansour; M, Nasr; M, Saeed; NYE, Abdel-Wahab; MAF, Abozyed; A, Adel; GS El, Sayed; SS, Elkolaly; KT, Lasheen; AM, Saeed; EMS, Taha; JH, Youssif; SM, Ahmed; NS, El-Shahat; AEH, Khedr; AM, Afifi; OS, Ebrahim; MM, Metwally; M, Abbas; M, Abdelraheim; KN El, Deen; AE, Elnemr; AO, Elsebaaye; I, Elzayat; M, Elzayat; I, Elzayyat; D, Hemeda; H, Khaled; M, Rashad; O, Salah; M, Salama; M, Seisa; G, Tawfik; M, Warda; M, Elkhadrawi; K, Elshaer; A, Hussein; A, Abdelgelil; S, Abdelghany; A, Aboarab; M, Aboraya; AA, Al-Aarag; A El, Kholy; M, Elbermawy; F, Elkady; A, Elkholy; R, Elmelegy; DME, Elsawahly; S, Elshanwany; R, Fakher; AA, Ghazy; A, Haroun; E, Nofal; H, Safa; A, Sakr; M, Salma; H, Samih; A, Samir; S, Samy; E, Ghanem; G El, Ashal; Y El, Shoura; AM, Hammad; H, Khairy; A, Tammam; E, Abdallah; M, Abdelshafy; A, Abouzahra; T, Alzayat; S, Antar; H, Elfeki; FI, Elgendy; S, Elsheikh; E, Gamaly; MGM, Hamad; M, Hosh; B, Magdy; S, Mehrez; Y, Abd-Elrasoul; M, Abuseif; M, Alrahawy; M, Ammar; MS, Ammar; SAE, Barakat; FA, El-Salam; A, Elkelany; A, Elkelany; YA, Elrasoul; N, Elsayed; H, Elwakil; M, Etman; A, Eysa; Y, Hegazy; M, Morsi; M, Mustafa; A, Nasr; A, Raslan; A, Rslan; S, Saad; A, Sabry; A, Sadek; O, Seifelnasr; H, Shaker; AG, Toeema; H, Zidan; H, Zidan; H, El-Kashef; M, Shaalan; A, Tarek; A, Almallah; A, Elwan; A, Elwan; D, Emadeldin; A, Fouad; MA, Ghonaim; AR, Nayel; EA, Sayma; M, Seif; OSA El, Hameed; AS, El-Ma'doul; A, Elbatahgy; DEAA, Elsorogy; A, Lasheen; A, Mosad; HA, Mostafa; AA, Omar; H, Tolba; YA El, Salam; M, Ismail; A, Morsi; A, Abouelnasr; A, Afandy; MA, Amer; M, Amreia; NA, Attallah; S, Ayad; AA El, Magd; AS, El-Hamouly; HA, El-badawy; A, Elkelany; A, Elkelany; S, Elsobky; AT, Hafez; A, Marey; A, Mokhtar; O, Mosalum; M, Mustafa; R, Sakr; R, Shaker; R, Shaker; MF, Zalabia; EA, Ahmed; A, Fadel; MM, Mohamed; I, AlYoussef; A, Aldalaq; A, Ali; D, Alkhabbaz; E, Alnawam; MG, Alwafai; AK, Aly; A, Dwydar; H, El-Sheemy; S, Kharsa; E, Mamdouh; M, Elashmawy; AA, Elazayem; I, Elkadsh; ZM, Elsayed; A, Elwaey; S, Ghanem; S, Hussein; A, Meshref; M, Mousa; A, Nashaat; M, Saad; M, Darweesh; M, Hafez; A, Mohameden; A, Badr; A, Badwy; MA El, Slam; A, Abdelkareem; M, Aboraya; K, Abozeid; S, Al-Nahrawi; M, Allam; M, Ameen; S, Aql; H, Dawoud; A El, Gendy; S El, Mesery; M, Elazoul; L, Eldamaty; AOA, Elhendawy; M, Elsehimy; M, Elshobary; A, Fahiem; A, Hagar; A, Hashish; M, Hashish; AS, Marey; F, Nada; S, Sarsik; S, Shehata; M, Zidan; NM, Badwi; N, Elfouly; Y, Elfouly; AS, Elsherbiny; A, Fawzy; A, Gheith; MA, Habeeb; A, Hassan; M, Husseini; Y, Ibrahim; E, Kasem; O, Mohamed; MMH, Mohammed; M, Rashid; B, Sieda; AR, Soliman; N, Starr; M, Worku; NS, Abebe; S, Desta; S, Wondimu; FA, Asele; D, Dabessa; E, Thomas; NS, Abebe; AB, Zerihun; A, Leppäniemi; P, Mentula; V, Sallinen; Q, Alimi; E, Gaignard; V, Graffeille; Q, Alimi; E, Gaignard; V, Graffieille; O, Abbo; O, Bouali; S, Mouttalib; Y, Aigrain; N, Botto; E, Hervieux; A, Faure; L, Fievet; N, Panait; E, Eyssartier; G, Podevin; F, Schmitt; AP, Arnaud; A, Martin; V, Parent; A, Bonnard; C, Muller; M, Peycelon; F, Frade; S, Irtan; A, Scalabre; F, Abantanga; K, Boakye-Yiadom; M, Bukari; F, Owusu; J, Awuku-Asabre; LD, Bray; S, Tabiri; A, Bamicha; D, Lytras; K, Psarianos; E, Kefalidi; G, Gemenetzis; C, Agalianos; C, Dervenis; N, Gouvas; D, Karousos; M, Kontos; G, Kouraklis; S, Germanos; C, Marinos; C, Anthoulakis; N, Mitroudis; N, Nikoloudis; S, Estupinian; W, Forno; G, Recinos; JRA, Azmitia; CCR, Cabrera; M, Aguilera; R, Guevara; N, Mendez; CAA, Mendizabal; P, Ramazzini; MC, Urquizu; E, Barrios; E, Barrios; R, Soley; F, Tale; SMC, Mérida; DEM, Rodríguez; CIP, Velásquez; M, Lopez; F, Regalado; M, Siguantay; FY, Lam; MF, Leung; KKK, Li; WS, Li; T, Mak; S, Ng; CCL, Szeto; KJ, Szeto; N, Gyanchandani; A, Kirishnan; SS, Prasad; S, Bhat; SV, Kinnera; A, Sreedharan; BS, Kumar; M, Rangarajan; S, Kumar; Y, Reddy; C, Venugopal; A, Mittal; HN, Lakshmi; P, Malik; S, Nadkarni; P, Jain; N, Limaye; S, Pai; M, Khajanchi; R, Satoskar; S, Satoskar; AB, Mahamood; DA, Soeselo; EPR, Sutanto; C, Tedjaatmadja; R, Amandito; M, Mayasari; FN, Rahmawati; IAA, Al-Azraqi; HII, Al-Hameedi; RKMJ, Al-Hasani; HI, Ibraheem; R, Kamil; L, Sabeeh; M, Shawki; MM, Telfah; S, Gosling; M, Mccarthy; A, Rasendran; M, Dablouk; MO, Dablouk; RW, Gilbert; M, Hanrahan; R, Kerley; P, Kielty; E, Marks; L, Mauro; C, Normile; A, Rasendran; J, Sheehan; J, Song; D, Mirghani; SA, Naqvi; CS, Wong; R, Cahill; S, Chung; R, D'cruz; DD, Cadogan; C, Clifford; A, Driscoll; C, Fahy; R, Gilbert; SG, Gosling; M, Hanrahan; M, Mccarthy; C, Normile; A, Powell; A, Rasendran; J, Song; R, Bowe; C, Lee; S, Paul; M, Hanrahan; W, Hutch; K, Mealy; H, Mohan; M, O'neill; A, Bondurri; P, Danelli; A, Maffioli; M, Pasini; G, Pata; S, Roncali; M, Carlucci; R, Faccincani; P, Silvani; K, Khattab; G, Tugnoli; S Di, Saverio; LM, Cloro; MA, Paludi; D, Pata; A, Allegri; L, Ansaloni; F, Coccolini; L, Bortolasi; A, Hasheminia; E, Veronese; A, Benevento; F, Pata; G, Tessera; MD, Canto; S, Cucumazzo; G, Nastri; PP, Grandinetti; GL, Lamanna; A, Maniscalco; E, Rausa; G, Sgroi; L, Turati; A, Allegri; L, Ansaloni; F, Coccolini; D, Merlini; M, Monteleone; R, Villa; A, Cacurri; R, Cirocchi; V, Grassi; L, Bonavina; C, Ceriani; Y, Macchitella; A, Diab; F, Elzowawi; H, Waleed; M, Jokubauskas; K, Varkalys; D, Venskutonis; V, Ambrozeviciute; R, Pranevicius; S, Juciute; A, Skardžiukaitė; A, Austraite; S, Bradulskis; Z, Dambrauskas; R, Riauka; L, Urbanavicius; D, Venskutonis; J, Zilinskas; P, Karumnas; Z, Urniezius; R, Zilinskiene; A, Rudzenskaite; N, Kaselis; M, Montrimaite; A, Usaityte; K, Jokubonis; A, Strazdas; V, Jotautas; A, Kolosov; I, Rakita; V, Beisa; D, Kazanavicius; S, Mikalauskas; T, Poskus; R, Rackauskas; K, Strupas; V, Beisa; E, Laugzemys; K, Maceviciute; T, Poskus; K, Strupas; E, Preckailaite; R, Rakauskas; R, Coomber; K, Johnson; J, Nowers; A, Das; D, Periasammy; A, Salleh; NAN, Abdullah; MN, Kumar; RGE, Tze; NR, Kosai; R, Rajan; M, Taher; HY, Chong; CC, Goh; AC, Roslani; M, Agius; M, Bezzina; E, Borg; R, Bugeja; J, Psaila; A, Spina; M, Vella-Baldacchino; J, Colombani; H, Francois-Coridon; C, Tolg; C, Diaz-Zorrilla; SC, Gonzalez; A Ramos-De la, Medina; M, Jacobe; D, Mapasse; E, Snyder; M, Osman; R, Oumer; L, Anyanwu; A, Mohammad; A, Sheshe; A, Adesina; O, Faturoti; O, Taiwo; MH, Ibrahim; AA, Nasir; SI, Suleiman; A, Adebanjo; A, Adeniyi; O, Adesanya; K, Atobatele; A, Ogunyemi; M, Oludara; O, Oshodi; R, Osuoji; O, Williams; A, Ademuyiwa; F, Alakaloko; C, Bode; O, Elebute; AO, Lawal; A, Osinowo; A, Adesuyi; A, Adekoya; C, Nwokoro; A, Tade; AE, Ajao; OO, Ayandipo; TA, Lawal; SS, Ali; B, Odeyemi; S, Olori; J, Adeniran; A, Adeyeye; A, Popoola; WJ, Lossius; I, Havemann; JK, Narvestad; K, Soreide; K, Thorsen; L, Nymo; TB, Wold; M, Dar; M, Elsiddig; KF, Bhopal; MM, Furqan; Z, Iftikhar; M, Jawaid; A, Khalique; B, Nighat; A, Rashid; A, Zil-E-Ali; HA, Dharamshi; A, Faraz; T, Naqvi; AW, Anwar; W, Anwer; G, Shamsi; GS, Shamsi; T, Yaseen; TM, Yaseen; O, Aguilera; IIZ, Alvarez; HP, Decoud; JM, Delgado; HAS, Lohse; GMM, Vega; WLM, Aguilar; ACM, Bautista; JAC, Chiong; JMV, Celis; DAR, Pozo; J, Hamasaki; J, Herrera-Matta; E, Temoche; LMA, Barreda; RRB, Ojeda; CPG, Torres; O, Garaycochea; F, Fujii; MC, Mollo; MS De, Fã; Tima Linares, Delgado; WLM, Aguilar; ACM, Bautista; JAC, Chiong; MR, Castro; RA, Jaramillo; GB, Luque; AER, Moran; ALC, Vergara; SBS, Yip; CAA, Basto; SYA, Durand; NMU, Rojas; R, Camacho; E, Huaman; S, Zegarra; A, Arenas; C, Hinojosa; RC, Huaraya; S, Limache; CE, Lopez; C, López; M, Machaca; W, Pino; CMH, Puma; LM, Rodriguez; GM, Sila; GM, Sila; MZP De, Leon; MZP De, Leon; J, Costa-Maia; R, Melo; N, Muralha; F, Sauvat; I, Dan; P, Eduard; M, Hogea; M, Beuran; R, Bratu; I, Diaconescu; F, Iordache; B, Martian; M, Vartic; AS, Mironescu; LI, Muntean; LC, Vida; VJP, Nsengimana; A, Niragire; E, Niyirera; J De La Croix Allen, Ingabire; E, Jovine; G, Landolfo; N, Zanini; SA, Alnuqaydan; IN, Alomar; AM, Altwigry; N, Akeel; M, Aljiffry; M, Alsaggaf; A, Altaf; M, Bakhaidar; A, Habeebullah; A, Khoja; AA, Maghrabi; A, Nawawi; M, AlRowais; A, Althwainy; N, Osman; M, Othman; E, Alqahtani; E, Aljohani; R, Alyami; M, Alzahrani; I, Alhabli; E, Aljohani; S, Almuallem; R, Alyami; M, Alzahrani; Z, Mikwar; A, Almoflihi; N, Ghandora; A, Huwait; M, Al-Mousa; A, Al-shammari; W, Adham; S Al, Awwad; B, Albeladi; MA, Alfarsi; M, Alghamdi; A, Mahdi; A, Altamimi; M, Hassanain; T, Nouh; S, Aldhafeeri; O, Algohary; N, Sadig; M, Aledrisy; A, Alrifaie; A, Gudal; U, Alamoudi; M, Alrajraji; A, Shabkah; B, Alghamdi; S, Aljohani; A, Daqeeq; JJ, Al-Faifi; V, Jennings; R, Moore; N, Ngayu; V, Kong; K, Connor; H, Kretzmann; D, Nel; E, Panieri; C, Sampson; R, Spence; S, Rayne; N, Sishuba; J, Carreira; AM, Mphatsoe; M, Tun; E, Teasdale; M, Wagener; S, Botes; D Du, Plessis; F, Fernandez-Bueno; J, Aguilar-Jimenez; JA, Garcia-Marin; LJG, Florez; LS, García; RDA, Pacheco; L, Barneo; C, Lopez-Arevalo; G, Minguez; J, Pagnozzi; JHJ, Quezada; JL, Rodicio; R, Rodríguez-Uría; JPG, Stuva; P, Ugalde; N, Herrera; I, Ortega-Vazquez; L, Rodriguez; PP, Arachchi; LAJJ, Arachchige; WSMKJ, Senanayake; DI, Samaraweera; S, Sivaganesh; V, Thanusan; RMH, Balila; MAEH, Mohamed; AEK, Musa; H, Ali; HZ, Elabdin; A, Hassan; H, Ahmed; SAI, Idris; S, Mahdi; M, Elsayed; M, Elsayed; M, Mahmoud; M, Boijsen; P, Lundgren; U, Gustafsson; A, Kiasat; E, Jurdell; A, Thorell; F, Wogensen; F, Wogensen; L, Andersson; U, Gunnarsson; M, Sund; H, Thorarinsdottir; M, Utter; SM, Sundstrom; A, Kjellin; C, Wredberg; B, Frisk; J, Nyberg; S, Ahlqvist; I, Björklund; Y, Cengiz; H, Royson; P, Weber; H, Royson; P, Weber; E, Borin; H, Pahlsson; M, Hjertberg; V, Despotidis; D, Schivo; R, Schmid; F, Deichsel; A, Gerosa; A, Nocito; L, Eisner; B, Mijuskovic; DA, Raptis; M, Zuber; S, Breitenstein; E, Schadde; RF, Staerkle; S, Kruspi; KB, Reinisch; C, Schoewe; A, Novak; AF, Palma; G, Teufelberger; M, Kimaro; R, King; AZA, Balkan; M, Gumar; MA, Yavuz; U, Karabacak; G, Lap; BB, Ozkan; M, Karakahya; BB, Ozkan; R, Adams; KY, Chang; KD, Clement; R, Gratton; L, Henderson; R, Mcintosh; D, Mcnish; W, Milligan; R, Morton; H, Anderson-Knight; R, Lawther; B, Skelly; J, Onimowo; V, Shatkar; S, Tharmalingam; T, Fautz; E, Woin; O, Ziff; S, Arman; S, Arman; S, Dindyal; V, Gadhvi; S, Talukder; S, Talukder; LS, Chew; J, Heath; N, Blencowe; K, Gash; S, Hallam; GS, Mannu; AC, Snaith; D, Zachariades; TS, Hettiarachchi; A, Nesaratnam; J, Wheeler; JM, Clements; A, Khan; D, McCullagh; A, Ahmed; JLY, Allen; J, Almy; A, Ashton; M, Deputy; T, Khan; F, Koumpa; DC, Marshall; CJ, Mcintyre; C, Neophytou; J, Roth; WC, Soon; J, Vincent; N, Behar; H, Jordan; M, Sykes; Y, Rajjoub; T, Sherman; R, Ardley; A, Watts; T, White; T, Arulampalam; D, Brown; A, Shah; E, Blower; K, Gasteratos; P, Sutton; D, Vimalachandran; G, Irwin; C, Magee; A, Mcguigan; S, Mcaleer; C, Morgan; S, Braungart; P, Labib; K, Lafferty; C, Mangan; C, Mangan; L, Reza; L, Reza; A, Tanase; A, Tanase; C, Gouldthorpe; M, Turner; H, Woodward; TAM, Malik; VK, Proctor; JRL, Wild; J, Davies; K, Hewage; A, Dubois; A, Grant; R, Mcintyre; S, Sarwary; A, Zardab; BFHK, Chong; W, Ho; YP, Mogan; E, Farinella; G, Humm; S, Tewari; NJ, Hall; CP, Major; NJ, Wright; J, Amin; J, Amin; M, Attard; M, Baldacchino; H, Burns; JF, Camilleri-Brennan; J, Camilleri-Brennan; M, Farhad; A, Jabbar; E, Macdonald; J, Richards; AGN, Robertson; J, Skehan; J, Swann; T, Xerri; T, Xerri; P De, Bono; P De, Bono; M, Gimzewska; TF, Hall; G, Mclachlan; J, Giles; J, Shah; S, Chiu; SMY, Chiu; S, Highcock; B, Weber; W, Beasley; S, Dias; M, Hassan; G, Maharaj; R, Mcdonald; A, Vlachogiorgos; A, Baird; A, Macdonald; P, Witherspoon; N, Green; P, Sarmah; H, Youssef; K, Cross; CM, Rees; B Van, Duren; E, Upchurch; H, Abudeeb; A, Hammad; K, Khan; D, Bowley; S, Karandikar; A, Karim; O, Al-Obaedi; A, Bhangu; W, Chachulski; K, Das; G, Dawnay; M, Ghetia; M, Ghetia; A, Mistry; L, Richardson; S, Roy; B, Thompson; DM, Cocker; A, Prabhudesai; JJ, Tan; S, Ayyar; R, Tyler; F Di, Franco; S, Gokani; S, Vivekanantham; M, Gillespie; K, Gudlaugsdottir; C, Currow; MY, Kim; T, Pezas; A, Ali; K, Atkinson; A, Birring; S, Das; J, Edwards; M, Jha; T, Fozard; J, Luck; M, Puttick; H, Ebdewi; S, El-Rabaa; G, Gravante; AA, Ibrahem; Y, Salama; R, Shah; R, Allott; A, Bhargava; H, Nnajiuba; Z, Chan; Z, Hassan; A, Aber; A, Boddy; R, Dean; D, Hemingway; M, Makinde; V, Patel; J, Parakh; S, Parthiban; S, Hosein; HK, Ubhi; K, Malik; S, Ward; M, Alkhouri; J, Barry; C, Houlden; L, Jennings; MK, Kang; T, Newton; S, Bhattacharya; A, Farquharson; I, Raza; K, Chang; L, Henderson; W, Milligan; R, Blundell; E, Chan; I, Ibrahim; PJ, Lim; YN, Neo; AS, North; FS, Peck; A, Williamson; MSJ, Wilson; D, Fouad; A, Minocha; A, Chambers; E, Court; K, Mccarthy; C, Beaton; JC, Tham; J, Yee; S, Bokhari; M, Griffiths; L, Howells; J, Lockey; U, Walsh; L, Yallop; P, Jackson; O, Nasher; S, Singh; T, Fozard; J, Luck; M, Puttick; WC, Ho; G, Pabla; AM, Shariffuddin; MS, Wilson; J, Doughty; S, Ramzi; S, Zeidan; R, Davenport; J, Lewis; S, Sinha; L, Duffy; E, Mcaleer; E, Williams; M, Boal; T, Brogden; E, Griffiths; N, Harrison; O, Javed; D, Nepogodiev; H, Tafazal; DJ, Clark; TE, Glover; RD, Obute; O, Javed; R, Som; M, Akhtar; M, Boshnaq; P, Capleton; S, Doughan; I, Mohamed; M, Rabie; E, Brown; E, Dempster; L, Dickson; A, Garland; M, Kennedy; N, Maple; E, Monaghan; D, Samuel; B, Wolf; D, Anderson; R, Anderson; A, Mcphee; S, Hassan; D, Smith; P, Sutton; C, Boereboom; J, Lund; J, Murphy; G, Tierney; S, Tou; I, Daniels; K, Findlay-Cooper; T, Stasinou; NJ, Smart; AM, Warwick; EF, Zimmermann; R, D'Souza; S, Mitrasinovic; S, Omara; S, Ray; M, Varcada; A, Hanks; L, Parkinson; M, Spurr; E, Abington; J, Ma; M, Ramcharn; G, Williams; ED, Kennedy; J, Winstanley; ENW, Yeung; C, Fairfield; C, Fairfield; SJ, Fergusson; C, Jones; S, Koh; I, Liew; SJ, Lim; H, Nair; S, O'neill; J, Oh; A, Wilson; D, Anandkumar; SF, Ashraf; S, Basson; C, Chandrakumar; AJ, Fowler; TF, Jones; A, Kirupagaran; SM, Lakhani; AL, Mclean; P, Patel; HD, Torrance; J, Batt; N, Benons; C, Bowman; M, Stoddart; R, Harrison; C, Mason; J, Quayle; T, Barker; E, Harper; V, Summerour; M, Hampton; C, Smith; TM, Drake; EG, Heywood; T, O'Connor; SK, Pitt; AE, Ward; A, Chowdhury; S, Hossaini; NF, Watson; A, Chun; A, Farah; D, Mckechnie; H, Koh; G, Lim; G, Sunderland; DRL, Browning; PC, Munipalle; H, Rooney; A, Chambers; L, Gould; E, Decker; S, Giuliani; K, Nemeth; B, Pereira; A, Shalaby; CY, Chen; S, Chhabra; S, Chidambaram; K, Kulasabanathan; A, Szczap; M, Benger; J, Choi; M, Khalili; K, Patel; S, Sheth; P, Singh; EYA, Palkhi; S, Shaikh; CY, Tan; J, Barnacle; P, Harbord; E, Kostov; A, Macfarlane; L, Marples; R, Thurairaja; K, Baillie; S, Hafiz; MM, Palliyil; J, Porter; C, Raslan; M, Saeed; N, Soltani; M, Zikry; T, Boyce; E, Jones; H, Whewell; N, Robertson; F, Th'ng; S, Galloway; A, Mirza; H, Saeed; M, Afzal; G, Elena; M, Zakir; T, Clark; C, Hand; P, Holton; A, Livesey; P, Sodde; A, Sriram; IS, Bharj; FM, Iqbal; Y, Sinha; C, Jenvey; A, Rotundo; R, Slade; AAN, Abdullah; D, Donoghue; L, Giacci; D, Golding; S, Haines; P, Harrison; D, Loughran; MA, Sherif; A, Tang; TW, Tilston; D, Kotecha; P, Acharya; A, Chapman; M, Elshaer; A, Riaz; J, Shalhoub; T, Urbonas; C, Grossart; D, McMorran; W, Hawkins; S, Loizides; M, Mlotshwa; CW, Ho; K, Krishna; M, Orchard; EE, Howie; S, Khan; J, Shukla; F, Taylor; P, Thomson; O, Komolafe; L, Macdonald; N, Mcintyre; J, Cragg; J, Parker; D, Stewart; T, Farooq; L, Lintin; J, Tracy; H, Kaafarani; L, Luque; G, Molina; R, Beyene; J, Sava; M, Scott; R, Kennedy; M, Swaroop; IA, Azodo; T, Chun; D, Heffernan; A, Stephen; V, Punja; M, Sion; MS, Weinstein; N, Bugaev; M, Goodstein; S, Razmdjou; M, Hemmila; L, Napolitano; K, To; E, Etchill; M, Kesinger; JC, Puyana; E, Hoogakker; E, Jenner; O, Todd; G, Galiqi; B, Grizhja; S, Ymeri; R, Balmaceda; JM, Carmona; CG, Fermani; MM, Modolo; S, Villalobos; D, Antezana; S, Aviles; AEM, Beleño; C, Costa; R, Klappenbach; B, Sanchez; D, Cox; P, Deutschmann; D, Hamill; S, Sandler; M, Ashtari; H, Franco; S, D'Amours; D, Iyer; N, Niranjan; D, Ljuhar; R, Nataraja; C, Sharpin; D, Gray; M, Haines; S Al, Amin; S, Alamin; R, Karim; S, Roy; SA, Tori; A, Faruq; M, Haque; F, Iftekhar; TH, Kanta; J, Razzaque; U, Salma; S, Karim; AR, Mitul; NF, Aman; MM, Estee; R, Jonnalagadda; M, O'Shea; G, Padmore; D, Khokha; V, Khokha; A, Filatau; A, Litvin; D, Paulouski; T, Shachykava; M, Shubianok; F, Djivoh; F, Dossou; DG, Gbessi; L, Ismaïl; B, Noukpozounkou; DM, Seto; YI, Souaibou; F, Hodonou; KR, Keke; EYS, Ahounou; T, Alihonou; G, Ahlonsou; M, Dénakpo; AG, Bedada; V, Barendegere; S, Kwizera; C, Nsengiyumva; P, Choi; S, Stock; A, Agarwal; G, Azzie; M, Firdouse; L, Jamal; S, Kushwaha; A, Zani; T, Chen; C, Yip; I, Montes; S, Sierra; F, Zapata; MCM, Arango; MIV, Lanau; IM, Restrepo; MCM, Arango; RSR, Giraldo; S, Sierra; E, Domini; R, Karlo; J, Mihanovic; MA, Abdelaziz; A, Gado; U, Hantour; AM, Ibrahim; K, Ibrahim; M, Abd-Elmawla; M, Abdelkader; MS, Aboul-Naga; N, Adam; LAM, Ahmed; M, Alkelani; M, Allam; MH, Alnaby; A, Assal; M, Ebidy; MM, Ebidy; NH El, Gendy; RA, El-Din; KH, Elbisomy; AH, Elgendy; AA, Elrazek; A, Elsawy; AA, Elsharkawy; M, Fahim; MF, Hamed; AB, Hassanein; A, Ismail; M, Ismail; M, Karkeet; M, Mabrouk; E, Magdy; MI, Mahmoud; R, Mamdouh; ME, Moghazy; M, Mohamed; B, Mowafy; M, Nazir; HAG, Shakshouk; M, Shalaby; M, Sleem; D, Zahran; S, Abdelhady; MR, Aboelsoud; I, Adel; H, Ahmed; N, Anwar; O, Arafa; YH, Asar; SA, Awad; N, Elsabbagh; FA, Elsherif; M, Gadelkarim; S, Gamal; O, Ghoneim; E, Hany; O, Hesham; K, Hilal; A, Hossameldin; M, Ibrahim; EM, Morshedy; ME, Omar; AHEF, Rida; R, Saad; M, Salama; M, Salem; N, Soliman; A, Aamer; AM, Abdelraouf; M, Abdelshakour; MG, Azizeldine; KA, Bassit; A, Dahy; A, Hasan; A, Hashim; A, Ibrahim; B, Mahmoud; MA, Mahmoud; B, Mohamed; M, Qenawy; AM, Rashed; MM, Saad; FA, Sabour; F, Sayed; M, Sayed; AW, Shamsedine; M, Shawqi; A, Attia; KS, El-Dien; A, Shwky; SM, Abdel-Kader; M, Abdelaty; H, Abdulaziz; EM, Abdulhakeem; N, Abdullah; A, Abouzaid; M, Abubakr; S, Alaael-Dein; E, Ali; HAA, Amin; IM El, Sayed; SA, El-Din; EA, Eldeen; MAB, Eldin; AAE, Elhusseiny; NAR, Elsayed; M, Elshaar; D, Gamil; E, Hashad; AAF, Ibraheem; MK, Ismail; MH, Madkor; H, Magdy; SME, Mahmoud; S, Mansour; AR, Mohamed; F, Mohamed; MA, Mohamed; MT, Ramadan; A, Reda; A, Refaat; M, Saami; OM, Salah; MM, Salem; MY, Shawky; NA, Soliman; F, Sroor; M, Talaat; A, Tarek; M, Zakaria; MR, Loaloa; S, Ahmed; A, Ali; M, Badawy; N, El-Sagheer; A, Essam; D, Gamal; S, Magdy; A, Salah; M, Salah; A, Abdelaal; A, Aglan; S, Ali; A, Ata; AKZ, Darwish; M El, Halawany; E, El-Gizawy; A, Elazab; S, Elhadry; E, Elhalawany; S, Elmihy; M, Essam; A, Farag; H, Hajeh; O, Moussa; M, Nashat; M, Nasr; A, Rezq; AE, Sallam; M, Samy; M, Samy; A, Sheta; S, Soliman; S, Tariq; A, Zohair; A, Abdel-Aty; R, Abdelhamed; O, Abdelkader; K, Ashour; E, El-Taher; A, Elhadad; SAM, Farouk; S, Ghanem; A, Hassaan; EM, Ibrahim; SM, Matter; A, Mohamed; I, Rakha; Y, Soliman; D, Tarek; AR, Abdelazeam; A, Adelshone; AB, Adnan; D, Al-Marakby; CDM, Ali; M, Amreia; AY, Ata; S, Bahar; ERM, Basir; A, Elhendawy; MB, Hasnan; MJB, Ismail; SNA, Kamarulzamil; A, Latif; MAA, Lokman; AHHA, Majid; M, Salma; S, Shaharuddin; A, Zulkifli; K, Abdelbadeai; A, Abdelfatah; MA, Abdullah; H, Ahmed; Y, Allam; S, Arafa; NM, Badwi; AA El, Dahab; A, El-Sehily; N, Elfouly; Y, Elfouly; G, Elhoseny; EA, Elkhalek; E, Ezzat; T, Ezzat; AM, Fathy; A, Fergany; A, Hassaan; ATA, Hassan; OMM, Hassan; A, Ibrahim; A, Ibrahim; EA, Kasem; M, Kelany; M, Magdy; A, Mohamed; AR, Mohammed; MM, Mohammed; S, Mohammed; A, Reda; AG, Saad; HA, Saad; AS, Sleem; Y, Zakaria; G, Abdelazim; I, Abdelmotaleb; AK, Abdrabou; M, Aboelella; O, Aboelmagd; BE, Adel; A, Ahmed; S, Ahmed; A Al, Meligy; K, Alhady; MYM, Aly; HM, Bakry; M, Bassem; AH, Bekhet; NM, Bekhet; K, Dabbour; K, Dawood; A El, Kashash; NKA, El-Latif; NM, Elhadary; MS, Elhelbawy; SS, Elkholy; A, Elnagar; MA, Elnajjar; AA, Elsameea; S, Elsherbiney; N, Elzahed; H, Emadeldin; AA, Essam; S, Gaafar; A, Gad; MO, Gad; A, Geuoshy; M, Hafez; S, Hafez; W, Hamsho; D, Hasan; I, Hassan; R, Husseiny; SA, Ismail; AM, Kandil; A, Magdy; ME, Maher; H, Mahmoud; S, Mahmoud; N, Maraie; O, Mattar; N, Mesbah; SR, Mohamed; H, Saad; A, Sabe; AK, Sabe; M, Saeed; AA, Saleh; N, Semeda; A, Shahine; A, Soliman; BA, Tawfik; N, Wael; E, Zakaria; E, Abdallah; N, Abdel-Hameed; A, Denewar; R, Elashry; H, Elfeki; E, Emara; S, Emile; A, Ghanem; M, Mostafa; MFW, Omar; E, Rashad; A, Sakr; A, Sanad; G, Tawfik; W, Thabet; M, Youssef; A, Zaki; E, Abdelmageed; DM, Abdelrouf; EA Al, Raouf; ES, Elbanby; A, Elfarargy; M, Elgheriany; S, Elhamouly; M, Elmasry; E, Elwy; A, Esam; MM, Farahat; E, Gamal; H, Gamal; A, Hammad; EM, Hegazy; E, Ibrahim; H, Kandil; T, Khafagy; S, Khallaf; EY, Mansor; M, Moaty; AM, Mohamed; AE, Mohammed; A, Moustafa; GS, Nagy; A, Saidbadr; MM, Eid; M, Eldafrawy; AZ, Eldeeb; AAR Al, Rafati; MFM, Badr; A, Bakr; A, El-Sawy; R, Elsemelawy; M, Mostafa; SM Al, Attar; MA, Badenjki; A, Soliman; A, Reinsoo; S, Saar; P, Talving; A, Fitsum; N, Seyoum; T, Worku; A, Leppäniemi; V, Sallinen; M, Tolonen; X, Delforge; E, Haraux; A, Mariani; G, Podevin; F, Schmitt; A, Haffreingue; J, Marret; J, Rod; N, Bustangi; M, Lopez; A, Scalabre; J, Bréaud; P, Gastaldi; J, Lecompte; Q, Ballouhey; L, Fourcade; C, Grosos; T, Cecilia; F, Helene; C, Jean-Francois; MG, Grella; AP, Arnaud; E, Courboin; J, Hascoet; B, Maillot; M, Renaux-Petel; O, Abbo; AA, Kaci; T, Prudhomme; B, Dousset; S, Gaujoux; R, Schiavone; S, Dardenne; E, Robert; A, Broch; E, Hervieux; C, Muller; E, Anis; R, Claire; C, Taieb; S, Irtan; B, Parmentier; M, Peycelon; E, Akatibo; M, Ekow; M, Yakubu; FE, Gyamfi; ET, Atkins; CL, Coompson; M, Amoako-Boateng; M, Dayie; S, Debrah; R, Hagan; E, Ackom; E, Akoto; E, Mensah; P, Kwakyeafriyie; K, Asare-Bediako; HEK, Kordorwu; E, Tackie; N, Adu-Aryee; J, Amoako; W, Appeadu-Mensah; A, Bediako-Bowan; W, Bonney; J, Clegg-Lampety; J, Dakubo; F, Dedey; S, Essoun; V, Etwire; H, Glover-Addy; M, Ohene-Yeboah; S, Osei-Nketiah; K, Agbedinu; M, Amoah; C, Dally; A, Gyedu; A, Yifieyeh; PT, Amoako; E, Dagoe; F, Owusu; F, Abantanga; EK, Appiah; H, Asumah; D, Bandoh; ATT, Kojo; M, Kyereh; S, Tabiri; P, Wondoh; K, Aaniana; E, Acquah; A, Avoka; K, Kusi; K, Maison; R, Opoku-Agyeman; V, Dassah; A, Davor; S, Abdul-Latif; GN, Barnabas; G, Gkiokas; A, Papailia; T, Theodosopoulos; O, Ioannidis; D, Kyziridis; S, Parpoudi; A, Bamicha; D, Lytras; K, Psarianos; G, Gemenetzis; S, Parasyris; K, Farmakis; T, Feidantsis; M, Mitroudi; C, Panteli; I, Patoulias; D, Sfougaris; I, Valioulis; G, Karabelias; G, Kyrou; I, Papaskarlatos; S, Germanos; K, Konstantina; N, Zampitis; A, Stefanopoulos; C, Agalianos; C, Barkolias; C, Ferousis; N, Ivros; V, Kalles; I, Kyriazanos; A, Tselos; G, Tzikos; E, Voulgaris; D, Balalis; D, Korkolis; DK, Manatakis; C, Anthoulakis; M, Margaritis; N, Nikoloudis; M, Aguilera-Arevalo; O, Coyoy-Gaitan; J, Rosales; DM, Cohen; A, Matheu; GS, Rosenberg; DH, Cruz; CP, Galvez; STT, Rodriguez; E, Barrios; R, Soley; L, Tale; A, Charles; M, Paul; TK, Chan; YHE, Cheung; W, Dao; CYJ, Fok; SH, Kwok; AC, Lai; JCY, Lam; WH, Lam; TSB, Lee; KW, Leung; KHG, Li; TWC, Mak; YK, Ng; HY, Wong; MHA, Yeung; CC, Foo; Q, Liu; J, Yang; S, Kumar; P, Alexander; N, Aruldas; W, Dar; KC, Janardha; U, Muddebihal; A, Bhatnagar; B, Kumar; V, Upadhyaya; FJ, Adella; F, Iskandar; AS, Rulie; J, Setiawan; CV, Evajelista; H, Natalie; A, Suyadi; N, Adhitama; FFA, Andika; HM, Arsyad; R, Gunawan; A, Hasanah; H, Karismaningtyas; LPS, Mata; ADF, Mukin; HD, Nurqistan; NA, Purwaningsih; DF, Rahmah; TA, Widiastini; R, Amandito; M, Billy; A, Clarissa; PA, Gultom; A, Haloho; WS, Jeo; N, Johanna; F, Lee; N, Sutandi; M, Alherz; KC, Conlon; RMNR, Dorani; M, Glynn; W, Goh; HA, Shiwani; L, Sproule; M, Bala; A, Kedar; A, Armellini; D, Chiesa; G, Pata; L, Ansaloni; F, Coccolini; GE, Nita; E, Vicario; G, Confalonieri; G, Pesenti; B, Brunoni; A, Rinaldi; MN, Ringressi; L, Bortolasi; T, Campagnaro; S, Conci; A, Gulielmi; C, Iacono; G, Lazzari; S, Manfreda; U, Tedeschi; P, Violi; E, Ciccioli; E, Goldin; E, Vendramin; F, Aquilino; N, Chetta; A, Picciariello; D, Andreotti; L, Gavagna; S, Occhionorelli; S, Targa; G, Vasquez; SMM, Basso; A, Bigaran; A, Favero; M, Migliore; S, Mochet; M, Perino; F, Riente; P, Salusso; D, Sasia; G, Clerico; G, Gallo; M, Trompetto; M, Papandrea; R, Sacco; G, Sammarco; L, Bucci; MC, Giglio; G, Luglio; G, Pagano; R, Peltrini; V, Sollazzo; M, Foco; FR, Giardino; D, Gui; G, Perrotta; M, Ripa; S, Pasquali; A, Simioni; D De, Boni; L, Bonavina; V, Lazzari; Y, Macchitella; M, Abdelkhalek; A, Belli; S De, Franciscis; A, Birindelli; G, Tugnoli; S Di, Saverio; P, Mingrone; MA, Paludi; D, Pata; S, Basilicò; C, Corbellini; D, Merlini; A, Bondurri; N, Leone; A, Maffioli; P, Aonzo; G, Curletti; R, Galleano; AL, Brocca; G, Cocorullo; N, Falco; T, Fontana; L, Licari; M, Mangiapane; G, Salamone; V, Silvestri; R, Tutino; P De, Marco; C, Arcudi; M, Shalaby; P, Sileri; D, Angelieri; A, Antoniozzi; CD, Basso; M, Catani; D, Coletta; M, Coletti; N, Depalma; F, Falaschi; I, Iannone; M, Malavenda; A, Natili; C, Reali; S, Ribaldi; D, Rossi; S, Berti; S, Boni; E, Francone; A, Benevento; L, Giavarini; F, Pata; G, Balducci; AL, Conte; L, Lorenzon; F, Bianco; F, Steccanella; L, Turati; G, Pellino; F, Selvaggi; L, Selvaggi; N Di, Martino; A, Ababneh; L, Abusalem; E, Al-Dakka; K, Aljboor; A, Alnusairat; I, Bsisu; O, Halhouli; A, Qaissieh; H, Mohammed; T, Yusufali; J, Lando; W, Ndegwa; R, Parker; D, Dragatas; P, Višinskas; R, Žilinskienė; A, Dulskas; J, Kuliavas; NE, Samalavicius; J, Gribauskaite; M, Jokubauskas; D, Venskutonis; S, Bradulskis; E, Dainius; Z, Dambrauskas; A, Gulbinas; T, Jankus; K, Jasaitis; S, Kasputyte; M, Kiudelis; D, Mikuckyte; M, Montrimaite; V, Nevieraite; A, Parseliunas; S, Petrikenas; R, Riauka; E, Slapelyte; A, Subocius; L, Venclauskas; J, Zilinskas; N, Kaselis; G, Žiubrytė; M, Pažuskis; Z, Urniežius; M, Vilčinskas; A, Burmistrovas; Z, Tverskis; R, Mazelyte; A, Vaicius; A, Zadoroznas; T, Abaliksta; VJ, Banaitis; D, Danys; M, Drungilas; V, Gaižauskas; E, Grisin; V, Jotautas; A, Ladukas; K, Lagunavicius; E, Laugzemys; V, Lipnickas; D, Majauskyté; P, Mazrimas; S, Mikalauskas; T, Poškus; R, Rackauskas; G, Simutis; EZ, Sruogiene; L, Uščinas; FCFP, Rahantasoa; F, Rasoaherinomenjanahary; LH, Samison; TEC, Tolotra; C, Kwatiwani; N, Msiska; V, Msosa; C, Mukuzunga; SMD, Asilah; FY, Chai; K, Gunaseelan; WN'WM, Nasir; KZ, Syibrah; P, Yoganathan; PY, Koh; EX, Lee; SY, Lim; JE, Saw; SY, Teo; LJ, Yeang; YY, Gan; JRS, Ting; AEZ, Cheah; CYN, Chow; Y, Der; PAL, Har; KL, Koay; TNT, Mat; SSY, Sii; YK, Tan; CY, Wong; YJ, Cheong; C, Gan; HE, Heng; SN, Kong; YT, Mok; YT, Neo; K, Palayan; YW, Tan; MD, Tata; PX, Chin; NZ, Riswan; A, Salleh; NAN, Abdullah; SAWEW, Ali; KJ, Chung; DL, Jethwani; R, Julaihi; SW, Mathew; MK, Nirumal; RGE, Tze; MT, Yahaya; F, Henry; X, Low; YY, Tew; DNA, Aziz; NR, Kosai; R, Rajan; MM, Taher; NA, Aziz; C, Chai; H, Chong; S, Kumar; K, Poh; AC, Roslani; I, Bertuello; K, Bonavia; E, Borg; SD, Brincat; GM, Camilleri; K, Carabott; K, Cassar; J, Dalli; T, Dimech; M, Falzon; A, Farrugia; N, Grech; T, Grima; VTH, Le; D, Magri; C, Mizzi; S, Mizzi; A, Navarro; K, Sammut; R, Scicluna; N, Shaikh; T, Tembo; S, Zammit; C, Zarb; S, Corro-Diaz; M, Manriquez-Reyes; A Ramos-De la, Medina; M, Abbouch; A, Abdelhamid; H, Bachri; A, Belkouchi; S, Benammi; RM, Bennai; C, Benyaiche; K, Boukhal; A, Hrora; MS, Jabal; L, Duinhouwer; M, Vermaas; MS, Merlo; J, Pastora; G, Wood; A, Adamu; H, Aliyu; M, Aliyu; S, Aliyu; S, Baba; M, Daniyan; O, Ogunsua; T, Sholadoye; Y, Ukwenya; L, Anyanwu; A, Mohammad; A, Sheshe; O, Adebola; A, Adesina; O, Faturoti; O, Odutola; C, Onuoha; O, Taiwo; J, Ajah; S, Kache; J, Makama; O, Abiola; A, Adeyeye; A, Ajiboye; I, Amole; A, Olaolorun; A, Adebanjo; A, Adeniyi; O, Adesanya; O, Ajai; F, Balogun; I, Njokanma; M, Oludara; R, Osuoji; O, Williams; A, Ademuyiwa; B, Adenekan; F, Alakaloko; C, Bode; O, Elebute; G, Ihediwa; A, Lawal; V, Nwinee; TO, Olajide; M, Olugbemi; O, Oshati; A, Osinowo; A, Abdurrazzaaq; A, Ajao; O, Ayandipo; T, Lawal; P, Mshelbwala; B, Odeyemi; S, Olori; G, Samson; SA, Samuel; OK, Timothy; J, Adeniran; A, Adeyeye; M, Alada; O, Habeeb; A, Nasir; A, Popoola; B, Bello; H, Mendel; U, Muktar; KM, Augestad; GS, Banipal; TT, Moe; M, Monteleone; JK, Schultz; T, Gaarder; PW, Monrad-Hansen; PA, Næss; R, Herikstad; A, Kanani; JW, Larsen; K, Styles; JA, Søreide; K, Søreide; T, Veen; S, Holte; G, Lauzikas; J, Wiborg; EK, Aahlin; M, Gran; E, Jensen; J, Abbasy; AR, Alvi; T, Gala; N, Shahzad; N, Nadeem; M, Saqlain; A, Ahmed; KF, Bhopal; MT, Butt; Z, Iftikhar; AK, Niazi; SAU, Razi; M, Javaid; MA, Khan; M, Waqar; M, Adil; F, Baluch; A, Bani-Sadar; AU, Qureshi; A, Raza; A, Raza; I, Raza; M, Amjad; MM, Arshad; S, Abushamleh; T, Al-taher; A, Hamarshi; A, Hamdan; S, Hanoun; D, Jaradat; A, Musleh; AA, Qumbos; R, Saadeh; A, Salman; AA, Taher; H, Al-farram; S, Al-saqqa; I, Awad; A, Bowabsak; A El, Jamassi; A, Firwana; M, Hamdan; D, Hasanain; M, Salah; M, Altarayra; M, Ghannam; A, Herebat; I, Qawasmi; K, Qurie; A, Shaheen; I, Adawi; M, Adawi; A, Elmashala; FE Al, Barrawi; A, Ashour; A, Ghaben; A, Ashour; Y, Abuowda; S, Afana; A, Al-Buhaisi; E, Alaloul; S, Alyacoubi; H, Baraka; M, Elshami; S, Jaber; J, Meqbil; R, Khreishi; R, Khreishi; E, Abuqwaider; T, Idress; M, Al-faqawi; A, Al-khatib; M, Fares; A, Abdelhaq; M, Abu-toyour; F, Asi; A, Atiyeh; M, Dabboor; M, Mustafa; A, Shalabi; A, Shamasneh; R, Zaa'treh; JT, Cardozo; RAM, Cardozo; HAS, Lohse; LIP, Lopez; MO, Roche; GRP, Servin; GMM, Vega; J, Salcedo; R, Velasquez; AMS, Barrantes; JAC, Bravo; CG, Dueñas; KT, Espinoza; C, Fernández; L, Fuentes-Rivera; B, Málaga; D, Romani; S, Shu; J, Ye; LAM, Barrientos; ESF, Farfan; JLH, Hamaguchi; JJH, Matta; A, Robledo-Rabanal; LAZ, Solis; AJR, Velásquez; YEA, Bermúdez; AC, Calua; J, Carpio; N, Carrasco; F, Espinoza; HS, Miyasato; PAT, Orbegozo; N, Ortiz; WR, Panez; C, Razuri; X, Rodriguez; ADP, Rojas; CS, Samaniego; D, Sanchez; F, Saravia; SG, Torres; M, Valcarcel-Saldaña; AL, Contreras-Vergara; AGV, Mejia; MSG, Montejo; KT, Espinoza; R, Mas; ADP, Paucar; MDCE, Salas; GCM, Sila; WA, Ticona; M, Vargas; CL, Almanon; MC, Lapitan; MD, Parreno-Sacdalan; MJB, Maño; JJV, Mora; MAP, Redota; MF, Roxas; A, Lasek; P, Major; D, Radkowiak; M, Rubinkiewicz; M, Janik; R, Roszkowski; M, Walędziak; J, Costa-Maia; C, Fernandes; R, Melo; M, Beuran; MR, Bratu; C, Ciubotaru; B, Diaconescu; I, Negoi; M, Vartic; A, Kourdouli; M, Popa; AS, Mironescu; L, Muntean; LC, Vida; H, Mircea; D, Duhoranenayo; JCA, Ingabire; AZ, Mutabazi; N, Uzabumwana; E, Jovine; G, Landolfo; N, Zanini; MSA, Alghamdi; M, Aljiffry; A, Alkaaki; A, Altaf; F, Idris; A, Khoja; A, Maghrabi; A, Nawawi; S, Turkustani; L, Jeremic; M, Nestorovic; M, Radojkovic; XW, Chan; CS, Chong; LWL, Joel; S, Koh; JH, Law; KY, Lee; KC, Lee; FQH, Leong; B, Lieske; JK, Tan; KSK, Tan; RCK, Tan; N, Maistry; V, Jennings; A, Leusink; R, Moore; ME, Mabitsela; SR, Ndlovu; V, Kong; J, Joosten; J, Pape; L, Roodt; A, Sander; S, Sobnach; R, Spence; S, Rayne; S Van, Straten; F, Anderson; T, Madiba; Y, Moodley; K, Kinandu; P, Ndwambi; M, Tun; F Du, Plooy; M, Badicel; R, Jaich; G, Chilton; L, Hartford; P, Karjiker; H, Bougard; K, Chu; A, Dell; J, Gouws; N, Kariem; F, Noor; K, Kabongo; A, Khamajeet; SK, Tshisola; S, Burger; Q, Ellison; DC, Grobler; LB, Khulu; F Du, Toit; B, Dedekind; MI, Hampton; P, Nashidengo; K, Pluke; CG, Bernardo; E, Contreras; A, Dorismé; LS, García; J, Pagnozzi; J, Rodicio; S, Sanz; J, Stuva; A, Suarez; TD, Vico; AM De, León; L, Garcia-Florez; JL, Otero-Díez; VR, Pérez; NA, Suárez; D, Ambrona-Zafra; A, Craus-Miguel; P, Diaz-Jover; L, Fernandez-Vega; JM, Garcia-Perez; P, Jimenez-Morillas; A, Mazzella; C, Pineño-Flores; N, Pujol-Cano; JJ, Segura-Sampedro; F, Sena-Ruiz; C, Soldevila-Verdeguer; VJ, Carneros; MV, Collado; JM, García; SC, Moreno; JG, Septiem; V, Andriola; R, Blanco-Colino; E, Espin-Basany; E, Esteban; E, Ferrero; M, Gonzalez; I, Ortega; A, Picardo; J, Ruiz-Tovar; AB, Jayathilake; SPB, Thalgaspitiya; LS, Wijayarathna; PMS, Wimalge; A, Ndajiwo; O, Okenabirhie; HA, Sanni; M, Abdulaziz; A, Adam; A, Homeida; A, Mussad; OA, Omer; A, Younis; M, Hjertberg; A, Thorell; F, Wogensen; H, Thorarinsdottir; P, Elbe; L, Forlin; W, Rutkowski; D, Saraste; M, Breistrand; A, Sokratous; S, Ahlqvist; S, Ahlqvist; I, Björklund; Y, Cengiz; K, Niska; M, Sund; A, Chabok; M, Nikberg; J, Sigurdadottir; R, Schmid; G, Werder; R, Bluelle; D, Frey; D, Oswald; A, Palma; G, Peros; K, Reinisch; G, Zuk; A, Gübeli; J, Müller; LW, Widmer; A, Gerosa; S, Mahanty; A, Nocito; DA, Raptis; M, Zuber; L, Zumbühl; C, Adıyaman; S, Bayram; TB, Cengiz; M, Cevik; V, Işler; BB, Kobal; D, Mutlu; V, Ozben; BB, Ozmen; AM, Pektaş; I, Sapci; I, Tansoker; ÖF, Toto; S, Yolcu; HC, Çakaloğlu; Y, Altinel; OB, Gulcicek; T, Vartanoglu; H, Alis; I, Halicioglu; NA, Sahbaz; E, Arslan; BE, Baki; S, Bodur; S, Celik; A, Guner; E, Gül; B, Murutoglu; A, Semiz; K, Tomas; R, Yildirim; MC, Aydin; SR, Karahan; E, Kose; K, Karabulut; V, Mutlu; BB, Ozkan; KY, Chen; R, Heard; S, Nanthakumaran; R, Breslin; R, Srinivasan; A, Boggon; K, Connor; A, Haslegrave; K, Laurie; T, Mann; E, Dashnyam; E, Kalakouti; A, Mehdi; N, Post; F, Stourton; O, Warren; R, White; A, Paramasivan; N, Blencowe; K, Bowling; D, Bunting; P, Ireland; E, Reunis; WC, Soon; R, Tyler; D, Kufeji; C, Skerritt; N, Wright; B, Barmayehvar; U, Datta; SK, Kamarajah; S, Karandikar; L, Dick; I, Liew; NG, Mairs; M, Qureshi; A, Rocke; G, Bond-Smith; N, Farhangmehr; M, Perenyei; T, Pezas; T, Urbonas; T, Alhammali; AA, Ibrahem; Y, Salama; MA, Gani; G, Gravante; MR, Iqbal; A, Jeffery; H, Jeon; S, Khosla; J, Perera; A, Jeffery; J, Perera; R, Kabariti; S, Oram; S, Chiu; F, Cullen; T, Kidd; C, Owen; H, Sarafilovic; M, Wilson; D, Fouad; A, Minocha; S, Kadiwar; J, Luck; A, Smedley; C, Currow; I, Mykoniatis; SI, Tani; S, Knight; D, Nassif; A, Sharma; W, Ali; T, Dissanayake; A, Ho; A, Tennakoon; J, Lim; JCK, Ng; A, Gupta; V, Shatkar; F, Wong; P, Donnelly; E, Monaghan; M, Walker; A, Abbas; C, Andress; C, Bisset; YR, Chin; E, Evans; N, Ishak; S, Kamya; J, Ploski; J, Blackwell; P, Herrod; J, Lund; R, Wakefield; K, Keogh; L, Longstaff; N, Smart; YL, Ang; J, Camilleri-Brennan; MS, D'Souza; DE, Henshall; H, Lim; K, Mclean; S, Mirza; ZH, Ng; J, Park; S, Paterson-Brown; S, Pronin; C, Roy; L, Tang; E, Teasdale; EZ, Ter; L, Walls; S, Yap; S, Cole; N, Shrimanker; M, Stoddart; N, Walker; A, Bandi; F, Cohen; S, Giuliani; K, Baillie; R, Bamford; N, Harvey; S, Kershaw; L, Nicholson; P, Orton; M, Palliyil; S, Patel; S, Shillito; T, Abbott; O, Akpenyi; H, Caydiid; W, English; E, Hall; L, Maciejec; S, Mahdi; C, Morgan; Z, Rob; HD, Torrance; D, Townsend; G, Irwin; R, Johnston; D, Chowdhury; D, Evans; P, Patel; R, Davies; E, Griffiths; A, Mansuri; D, Nepogodiev; C, Jones; SJ, Lim; S, O'Neill; C, Tan; D, Dhillon; GM, Jama; K, Patel; A, Al-Bahrani; M, Elshaer; K, Hunter; S, Dindyal; K, Majid; S, Rajmohan; C, Smith; L, Chan; F, Din; C, Eng; A, L'Heveder; S, McGarvie; K, McIntosh; EHG, Park; R, Ravishankar; AR, Shahbaz; JD, Yau; E, Teasdale; S, Blacker; A, Kaul; J, Parakh; S, Awadallah; S, Farag; A, Nessa; M, Beamon; C, Caliman; T, Duane; A, Choudhry; N, Haddad; M, Zielinski; K, Gash; RP, Kiran; A, Murray; R, Narayanan; M, Swaroop; R, Deal; J, Myers; E, Schadde; M, Hemmila; L, Napolitano; K, To; M, Dasari; E, Etchill; J, Puyana; M, Maimbo; A, Makupe; J, Musowoya; D, Kumwenda; K, Otten; M, Prins; A, Reece-Smith; N, Van Der Naald; A, Verbeek; R, Balmaceda; AAB, Suarez; C, Deane; E, Dijan; M, Elfiky; L, Koskenvuo; P, Buisson; N, Henric; J, Rod; B, Limoges; O, Rosello; A, Thollot; O, Azzis; J, Leroux; S, Etienne; K, Pinnagoda; P, Francois; C, Alexandre; C, Capito; S, Hmila; H, Kotobi; O, Imoro; OE, Abem; J, Clegg-Lamptey; P, Wondoh; V, Soulou; D, Papageorgiou; L, Peña; S, Asturias; B, Kumar; DB, O'Connor; A, Taddei; A, Ruzzenente; M, Notarnicola; G, Pascale; P, Ubiali; E De, Luca; M, Sacco; MM, Pascale; C, Cona; G, Rotunno; M, Corbellino; E, Morandi; V, Guglielmo; E, Muzio; NA; P, Mao; C, Bottini; AR, Luc; T Bocchetti, NA; R, Cautiero; AA, Russo; M, Notarnicola; L, Solaini; FM, Ali; J, Kutkevicius; P, Ignatavicius; J, Žilinskas; R, Baltrunas; P, Kondrotas; K, Strupas; JY, Siaw; CL, Tan; SY, Yam; L, Wilson; MRA, Aziz; J, Bondin; CD, Zorrilla; A, Majbar; E, Nwabuoku; A, Taiwo; D, Sale; L, Abdullahi; O, Faboya; A, Fatuga; O, Osagie; M, Bliksøen; ZA, Khan; J, Coronel; C, Miranda; LM, Helguero-Santin; I, Vasquez; A, Mironescu; J, Rickard; A, Adedeji; S, Alqahtani; MZ, Koto; M, Rath; M Van, Niekerk; R, Matos-Puig; L, Israelsson; T, Schuetz; M, Mericliler; M, Uluşahin; MA, Yuksek; MMH, Farhan-Alanie; N, Redgrave; M, Wilson; R, Callan; GL, Yong; K, Lee; B, Wolf; CK, Musyoka; M, Cox; K, Whitehurst; C, Fairfield; J, Olivier; C, Chibuye
Background: Identification of patients at high risk of surgical-site infections may allow surgeons to minimize associated morbidity. However, there are significant concerns regarding the methodological quality and transportability of models previously developed. The aim of this study was to develop a novel score to predict 30-day surgical-site infection risk after gastrointestinal surgery across a global context and externally validate against existing models. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of two prospective international cohort studies: GlobalSurg-1 (July-November 2014) and GlobalSurg-2 (January-July 2016). Consecutive adults undergoing gastrointestinal surgery were eligible. Model development was performed using GlobalSurg-2 data, with novel and previous scores externally validated using GlobalSurg-1 data. The primary outcome was 30-day surgical-site infections, with two predictive techniques explored: penalized regression (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator ('LASSO')) and machine learning (extreme gradient boosting ('XGBoost')). Final model selection was based on prognostic accuracy and clinical utility. Results: There were 14 019 patients (surgical-site infections = 12.3%) for derivation and 8464 patients (surgical-site infections = 11.4%) for external validation. The LASSO model was selected due to similar discrimination to extreme gradient boosting (AUC 0.738 (95% c.i. 0.725 to 0.750) versus 0.737 (95% c.i. 0.709 to 0.765)), but greater explainability. The final score included six variables: country income, ASA grade, diabetes, and operative contamination, approach, and duration. Model performance remained good on external validation (AUC 0.730 (95% c.i. 0.715 to 0.744); calibration intercept -0.098 and slope 1.008) and demonstrated superior performance to the external validation of all previous models. Conclusion: The 'Global Surgical-Site Infection' score allows accurate prediction of the risk of surgical-site infections with six simple variables that are routinely available at the time of surgery across global settings. This can inform the use of intraoperative and postoperative interventions to modify the risk of surgical-site infections and minimize associated harm.
The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections
(Springer Nature, 2017-01) Sartelli, Massimo; Chichom-Mefire, Alain; Labricciosa, Francesco M; Hardcastle, Timothy; Abu-Zidan, Fikri M; Adesunkanmi, Abdulrashid K; Ansaloni, Luca; Bala, Miklosh; Balogh, Zsolt J; Beltrán, Marcelo A; Ben-Ishay, Offir; Biffl, Walter L; Birindelli, Arianna; Cainzos, Miguel A; Catalini, Gianbattista; Ceresoli, Marco; Che Jusoh, Asri; Chiara, Osvaldo; Coccolini, Federico; Coimbra, Raul; Cortese, Francesco; Demetrashvili, Zaza; Di Saverio, Salomone; Diaz, Jose J; Egiev, Valery N; Ferrada, Paula; Fraga, Gustavo P; Ghnnam, Wagih M; Lee, Jae Gil; Gomes, Carlos A; Hecker, Andreas; Herzog, Torsten; Kim, Jae Il; Inaba, Kenji; Isik, Arda; Karamarkovic, Aleksandar; Kashuk, Jeffry; Khokha, Vladimir; Kirkpatrick, Andrew W; Kluger, Yoram; Koike, Kaoru; Kong, Victor Y; Leppaniemi, Ari; Machain, Gustavo M; Maier, Ronald V; Marwah, Sanjay; McFarlane, Michael E; Montori, Giulia; Moore, Ernest E; Negoi, Ionut; Olaoye, Iyiade; Omari, Abdelkarim H; Ordonez, Carlos A; Pereira, Bruno M; Pereira Júnior, Gerson A; Pupelis, Guntars; Reis, Tarcisio; Sakakhushev, Boris; Sato, Norio; Segovia Lohse, Helmut A; Shelat, Vishal G; Søreide, Kjetil; Uhl, Waldemar; Ulrych, Jan; Van Goor, Harry; Velmahos, George C; Yuan, Kuo-Ching; Wani, Imtiaz; Weber, Dieter G; Zachariah, Sanoop K; Catena, Fausto
Intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) are common surgical emergencies and have been reported as major contributors to non-trauma deaths in the emergency departments worldwide. The cornerstones of effective treatment of IAIs are early recognition, adequate source control, and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Prompt resuscitation of patients with ongoing sepsis is of utmost important. In hospitals worldwide, non-acceptance of, or lack of access to, accessible evidence-based practices and guidelines result in overall poorer outcome of patients suffering IAIs. The aim of this paper is to promote global standards of care in IAIs and update the 2013 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections.
Globally, songs and instrumental melodies are slower and higher and use more stable pitches than speech: A Registered Report
(Center for Open Science, 2022) Ozaki, Yuto; Tierney, Adam; Pfordresher, Peter; Mcbride, John; Benetos, Emmanouil; Proutskova, Polina; Chiba, Gakuto; Liu, Fang; Jacoby, Nori; Purdy, Suzanne; Opondo, Patricia; Fitch, Tecumseh; Hegde, Shantala; Rocamora, Martín; Thorne, Rob; Nweke, Florence Ewomazino; Sadaphal, Dhwani; Sadaphal, Parimal; Hadavi, Shafagh; Fujii, Shinya; Choo, Sangbuem; Naruse, Marin; Ehara, Utae; Sy, Latyr; Parselelo, Mark Lenini; Anglada-Tort, Manuel; Hansen, Niels Chr; Haiduk, Felix; Færøvik, Ulvhild; Magalhães, Violeta; Krzyżanowski, Wojciech; Shcherbakova, Olena; Hereld, Diana; Barbosa, Brenda Suyanne; Varella, Marco Antonio Correa; van Tongeren, Mark; Dessiatnitchenko, Polina; Zar, Su Zar; Kahla, Iyadh El; Muslu, Olcay; Troy, Jakelin; Lomsadze, Teona; Kurdova, Dilyana; CristianoTsope; Fredriksson, Daniel; Arabadjiev, Aleksandar; Sarbah, Jehoshaphat Philip; Arhine, Adwoa; Meachair, Tadhg; Silva-Zurita, Javier; Soto-Silva, Ignacio; Millalonco, Neddiel Elcie Muñoz; Ambrazevičius, Rytis; Loui, Psyche; Ravignani, Andrea; Jadoul, Yannick; Larrouy-Maestri, Pauline; Bruder, Camila; Teyxokawa, Tutushamum Puri; Kuikuro, Urise; Natsitsabui, Rogerdison; Sagarzazu, Nerea Bello; Raviv, Limor; Zeng, Minyu; Varnosfaderani, Shahaboddin Dabaghi; Gómez-Cañón, Juan Sebastián; Kolff, Kayla; der Nederlanden, Christina; Chhatwal, Meyha; David, Ryan Mark; Setiawan, Putu Gede; Lekakul, Great; Borsan, Vanessa Nina; Nguqu, Nozuko; Savage, Patrick
Both music and language are found in all known human societies, yet no studies have compared similarities and differences between song, speech, and instrumental music on a global scale. In this Registered Report, we analyzed two global datasets: 1) 300 annotated audio recordings representing matched sets of traditional songs, recited lyrics, conversational speech, and instrumental melodies from our 75 coauthors speaking 55 languages; and 2) 418 previously published adult-directed song and speech recordings from 209 individuals speaking 16 languages. Of our six pre-registered predictions, five were strongly supported: relative to speech, songs use 1) higher pitch, 2) slower temporal rate, and 3) more stable pitches, while both songs and speech used similar 4) pitch interval size, and 5) timbral brightness. Exploratory analyses suggest that features vary along a “musi-linguistic” continuum when including instrumental melodies and recited lyrics. Our study provides strong empirical evidence of cross-cultural regularities in music and speech.
Mental Simulation in Bilingual and Second Language Processing: New Directions in the Competition Model
(2025) Zhao, Helen; Vanek, Norbert; MacWhinney, Brian
This article revisits the foundational principles of the Competition Model considering recent advances in mental simulation research, highlighting how embodied cognition provides a richer understanding of bilingual processing. By exploring the dynamics of cue competition, transfer, decoupling, and functional restructuring, it underscored the intricate mechanisms of linguistic, cognitive, and sensorimotor processes in bilingualism. Notably, the findings of the surveyed studies suggest that entrenched L1 mental models dominate early L2 processing but can be progressively restructured to achieve more autonomous and nativelike L2 functioning through processes of decoupling and embodied simulation. While empirical studies have demonstrated that advanced learners can achieve nativelike perceptual and motor simulations in L2 processing, the variability introduced by factors such as crosslinguistic similarity, proficiency, learning context, and immersion remains an area ripe for further exploration.
Life-Course Persistent Antisocial Behavior and Accelerated Biological Aging in a Longitudinal Birth Cohort
(MDPI, 2022) Langevin, Stephanie; Caspi, Ashalom; Barnes, JC; Brennan, Grace; Poulton, Richie; Purdy, Suzanne; Ramrakha, Sandhya; Tanksley, Peter; Thorne, Peter; Wilson, Graham; Moffitt, Terrie
Prior research shows that individuals who have exhibited antisocial behavior are in poorer health than their same-aged peers. A major driver of poor health is aging itself, yet research has not investigated relationships between offending trajectories and biological aging. We tested the hypothesis that individuals following a life-course persistent (LCP) antisocial trajectory show accelerated aging in midlife. Trajectories of antisocial behavior from age 7 to 26 years were studied in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, a population-representative birth cohort (N=1037). Signs of aging were assessed at age 45 years using previously validated measures including biomarkers, clinical tests, and self-reports. First, we tested whether the association between antisocial behavior trajectories and midlife signs of faster aging represented a decline from initial childhood health. We then tested whether decline was attributable to tobacco smoking, antipsychotic medication use, debilitating illnesses in adulthood, adverse exposures in childhood (maltreatment, socioeconomic disadvantage) and adulthood (incarceration), and to childhood self-control difficulties. Study members with a history of antisocial behavior had a significantly faster pace of biological aging by midlife, and this was most evident among individuals following the LCP trajectory (β, .22, 95%CI, .14, .28, p.001). This amounted to 4.3 extra years of biological aging between ages 25-45 years for Study members following the LCP trajectory compared to low-antisocial trajectory individuals. LCP offenders also experienced more midlife difficulties with hearing (β, -.14, 95%CI, -.21, -.08, p.001), balance (β, -.13, 95%CI, -.18, -.06, p.001), gait speed (β, -.18, 95%CI, -.24, -.10, p.001), and cognitive functioning (β, -.25, 95%CI, -.31, -.18, p.001). Associations represented a decline from childhood health. Associations persisted after controlling individually for tobacco smoking, antipsychotic medication use, midlife illnesses, maltreatment, socioeconomic status, incarceration, and childhood self-control difficulties. However, the cumulative effect of these lifestyle characteristics together explained why LCP offenders have a faster Pace of Aging than their peers. While older adults typically age-out of crime, LCP offenders will likely age-into the healthcare system earlier than their chronologically same-aged peers. Preventing young people from offending is likely to have substantial benefits for health, and people engaging in a LCP trajectory of antisocial behaviors might be the most in need of health promotion programs. We offer prevention and intervention strategies to reduce the financial burden of offenders on health care systems and improve their wellbeing.
European Studies and International Business: Reflections From the Far End of the Earth
(Elsevier, 2025) Zamborsky, Peter
In this essay, I first focus on the links between European Integration (a core topic in European Studies), and multinational enterprise and foreign direct investment, two key themes in international business (IB) studies. Then I connect European Studies and IB in relation to the articles published in this issue of the New Zealand Journal of Research on Europe. Two of these articles are related to Russia’s war in Ukraine, and one is about public funding for social sciences and humanities. Overall, I argue that IB and European Studies as fields should engage with each other more, and that research at their interface can add significant new insights into emerging topics—such as geoeconomics—in these fields of study and beyond.
Examining Access to and Trust in Sources of COVID-19 Information among CALD Asian Communities in New Zealand
(Elsevier, 2024) Park, Lynne Soon-Chean; Jaung, Rebekah; Park, Joohyun Justine; Song, Changzoo
During the COVID-19 pandemic, effective crisis communication has been crucial yet challenging, especially for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) communities. This study aimed to explore how CALD Asian communities accessed and trusted various sources of COVID-19 information. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in 2021 with 1,267 Asian respondents informing this research. The study employed descriptive analyses to examine how different sociodemographic subgroups accessed COVID-19 information and examined their trust levels in these sources. The study revealed that CALD Asian communities actively engaged with diverse information sources for COVID-19 information updates, despite delayed government interventions. Mainstream media, social media, and government websites were most widely used. Notably, older and Korean individuals preferred local ethnic media channels. Trust varied significantly, with formal institutions like the government, mainstream media, and workplace being more trusted than online platforms and personal networks. The research underscores the necessity of multifaceted, linguistically, and culturally appropriate crisis communication strategies. It advocates for proactive measures to establish networks for distributing relevant information to CALD communities for future crisis communication.
Antioxidants for female subfertility
(Wiley, 2013-08-05) Showell, MG; Brown, J; Clarke, J; Hart, RJ; Showell, Marian G
BACKGROUND: A couple may be considered to have fertility problems if they have been trying to conceive for over a year with no success. This difficulty with conception may affect up to a quarter of all couples planning a child. The reported prevalence of subfertility has increased significantly over the past twenty years. It is estimated that for 40% to 50% of couples, subfertility may be a result of female problems, including ovulatory disorders, poor egg quality, fallopian tube damage and endometriosis. Antioxidants are thought to reduce the oxidative stress brought on by these conditions. Currently, limited evidence suggests that antioxidants improve fertility, and trials have explored this area with varied results. This review assessed the evidence for the effectiveness of different antioxidants in female subfertility. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether supplementary oral antioxidants compared with placebo, no treatment/standard treatment or another antioxidant improve fertility outcomes for subfertile women. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the following databases (from inception to April 2013) with no language restrictions applied: Cochrane Menstrual Disorders and Subfertility Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, LILACS and OpenSIGLE. We also searched conference abstracts and citation lists in the ISI Web of Knowledge. Ongoing trials were searched in the Trials Registers. Reference lists were checked, and a search on Google was performed. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared any type, dose or combination of oral antioxidant supplement with placebo, no treatment or treatment with another antioxidant, among women attending a reproductive clinic. Trials comparing antioxidants with fertility drugs alone and trials that exclusively included fertile women attending a fertility clinic because of male partner infertility were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Three review authors independently screened 2127 titles and abstracts, and 67 of these potentially eligible trials were appraised for inclusion and quality through review of full texts and contact with authors. Three review authors were involved in data extraction and assessment of risk of bias. Review authors also collected data on adverse events as reported from the trials. Studies were pooled using fixed-effect models; however, if high heterogeneity was found, a random-effects model was used. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the dichotomous outcomes of live birth, clinical pregnancy and adverse events. Analyses were stratified by type of antioxidant, by indications for subfertility and by those women also undergoing in vitro fertilisation (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection techniques (ICSIs). The overall quality of the evidence was assessed by applying GRADE criteria. MAIN RESULTS: A total of 28 trials involving 3548 women were included in this review. Investigators compared oral antioxidants, including combinations of antioxidants, pentoxifylline, N-acetyl-cysteine, melatonin, L-arginine, vitamin E, myo-inositol, vitamin C, vitamin D+calcium and omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids with placebo, with no treatment/standard treatment or another antioxidant.Antioxidants were not associated with an increased live birth rate compared with placebo or no treatment/standard treatment (OR 1.25, 95% CI 0.19 to 8.26, P = 0.82, 2 RCTs, 97 women, I(2) = 75%, very low-quality evidence). This suggests that among subfertile women with an expected live birth rate of 37%, the rate among women taking antioxidants would be between 10% and 83%.Antioxidants were not associated with an increased clinical pregnancy rate compared with placebo or no treatment/standard treatment (OR 1.30, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.85, P = 0.14, 13 RCTs, 2441 women, I(2)= 55%, very low-quality evidence). This suggests that among subfertile women with an expected clinical pregnancy rate of 23%, the rate among women taking antioxidants would be between 22% and 36%.Only one trial reported on live birth in the antioxidant versus antioxidant comparison, and two trials reported on clinical pregnancy in this comparison. Only subtotals were used in this analysis, and meta-analysis was not possible as each trial used a different antioxidant.Pentoxifylline was associated with an increased clinical pregnancy rate compared with placebo or no treatment (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.19 to 3.44, P = 0.009, 3 RCTs, 276 women, I(2) = 0%).Adverse events were reported by 14 trials in the meta-analysis and included miscarriage, multiple pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy and gastrointestinal effects. No evidence revealed a difference in adverse effects between antioxidant groups and control groups, but these data were limited.The overall quality of evidence was 'very low' to 'low' because of poor reporting of outcomes, the number of small studies included, high risk of bias within studies and heterogeneity in the primary analysis. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The quality of the evidence in the 'antioxidant versus placebo/no treatment' and in the 'antioxidant versus antioxidant' comparisons was assessed to be 'very low'. Antioxidants were not associated with an increased live birth rate or clinical pregnancy rate. There was some evidence of an association of pentoxifylline with an increased clinical pregnancy rate; however, there were only three trials included in this comparison. Future trials may change this result. Variation in the types of antioxidants given meant that we could not assess whether one antioxidant was better than another. There did not appear to be any association of antioxidants with adverse effects for women, but data for these outcomes were limited

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