A Garland of Determinatives

Abstract

A discussion of the use of various determinatives attached to foreign places has become an ongoing topic of research. The following study concentrates upon the × city and foreign-land determinatives and their changing use from the Middle Kingdom onwards. Special attention is given to alterations at the close of the Eighteenth Dynasty, as well as the common use of the throw-stick determinative. Differing hieratic and hieroglyphic usages are also covered. This analysis focuses upon the concept of 'foreignness' as it pertains to towns and cities located at the periphery of Egypt in the north-east.