Questions about ‘Smart Growth: A critical appraisal of urban growth strategies in Australasian and North American Cities

Abstract

Smart Growth strategies are entrenched as planning instruments for sustainable urban growth in North American and Australasian cities. This involves preventing sprawl by establishing an urban limit, and encouraging higher density development at walking distances from public transport nodes and corridors. Questions are raised about the extent to which current practices are achieving the sustainable goals anticipated. Drawing on a larger research study undertaking a critical appraisal of smart growth strategies in seven Australasian and North America cities, this paper provides interim outcomes from Vancouver, Seattle and Portland. Key observations from the cities concerned are summarised under three overriding smart growth goals: establishing and maintaining urban growth boundaries and protecting of natural resources; delivering compact living environments and access to a variety of transport options; and creating viable communities who value urban lifestyles. Despite the criticism of smart growth, there is sufficient evidence to show that some positive outcomes are being achieved, and should contribute towards more sustainable urban form in the 21st century. Whether it is smart enough is another matter, and the development of practices and research will continue to play an important role. More fully recognising the significance of changing demographic profiles over the next decade and the different attitudes to urban lifestyles among the younger generations, should play a bigger part in future urban visions. Moreover, integrating and interrogating existing suburban development within urban growth strategies is argued to be an urgent, and potentially useful, new strategy. Also important is the development of evaluative tools to monitor progress in meeting smart growth objectives. What is certain is that simply allowing 20th century suburban sprawl to continue is not an option, and this is a message that all those involved in the political processes should understand.