Differing causes of pregnancy loss in type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Abstract

OBJECTIVE — Women with type 2 and type 1 diabetes have differing risk factors for pregnancy loss. We compared the rates and causes of pregnancy loss in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS — We utilized prospectively collected data on all pregnancies in a 20-year period (1986 –2005) from a single center with a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Pregnancy losses included terminations for medical reasons and deaths up to 1 month postpartum but not spontaneous pregnancy losses 20 weeks’ gestation. RESULTS — There were 870 pregnancies in women with known diabetes (330 with type 1 and 540 with type 2 diabetes) and 325 in women with diabetes diagnosed in pregnancy but persisting postpartum (97% type 2 diabetes). The rate of pregnancy loss was similar in type 1 and type 2 diabetes (2.6 vs. 3.7%, P 0.39), but the causes of pregnancy loss differed. In type 1 diabetes 75% were attributable to major congenital anomalies or prematurity; in type 2 diabetes 75% were attributable to stillbirth or chorioamnionitis (P 0.017). Women with type 2 and type 1 diabetes had similar A1C at presentation and near term, but the former were older (P 0.001) and more obese (P 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS — There are significant differences in the main causes of pregnancy loss in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The higher rates of stillbirth in women with type 2 diabetes, suggest that other features, such as obesity, contribute significantly to pregnancy losses