Abstract:
The classification of bloodstain patterns forms an important part of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA). Classification requires an analyst to use characteristic features of a bloodstain pattern to place it into definable categories, according to the mechanism which has led to its deposition. Like many other forensic disciplines however, BPA has recently come under the microscope, due to issues regarding the methodology that is employed by an analyst when interpreting a bloodstain pattern. High variability in the appearance of bloodstain patterns coupled with the ambiguity in pattern interpretation has demonstrated that, the root of these problems stem from fundamental flaws in the current methodology. A consequence of this, has been the failure on the part of an analyst to articulate the thought process involved in interpreting the bloodstain pattern. Thus, creating challenges for the jury to understand the basis for any conclusions that have been made. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of developing a novel, element-based approach to the classification of a bloodstain pattern. This methodology will provide a more objective approach by focusing on observable characteristics of individual bloodstains in the pattern and characterising associations between these bloodstains prior to determining the mechanism of formation. The strategy involves going back to the basics of pattern formation and visualising the genesis through the use of high speed video photography. The results of this study have shown strong support for the implementation of an element-based approach to the classification of bloodstain patterns. Unlike current methods, this novel approach utilises simple, descriptive terminology when describing characteristics of a bloodstain. This terminology features as part of an Atlas of Elements which was created as a visual aid for an analyst, during the classification process. Finally, results suggest there are potential associations that occur between groups of defined bloodstains that could provide support for the presence or absence of a particular pattern type. This study presents the long awaited solution for the issues that plague the field of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis.