Species assemblage patterns around a dominant emergent tree are associated with drought resistance

Abstract

Water availability has long been recognized as an important driver of species distribution patterns in forests. The conifer Agathis australis (D. Don) Lindl. (kauri; Araucariaceae) grows in the species-rich forests of northern New Zealand. It is accompanied by distinctive species assemblages, and during summer the soil beneath A. australis is often significantly drier than soils beneath surrounding broadleaved angiosperm canopy species. We used a shade house dry-down experiment to determine whether species that grow close to A. australis differed in drought tolerance physiology compared with species that rarely grow close to A. australis. Stomatal conductance (gs) was plotted against leaf water potential (ψ) to identify drought tolerance strategies. Seedlings of species that occur in close spatial association with A. australis (including A. australis seedlings) were most resistant to drought stress, and all displayed a drought avoidance strategy of either declining gs to maintain ψ or simultaneous declines in gs and ψ. The species not commonly occurring beneath A. australis, but abundant in the surrounding forest, were the most drought-sensitive species and succumbed relatively quickly to drought-induced mortality with rapidly declining gs and ψ values. These results were confirmed with diurnal measurements of gs and assimilation rates throughout the day, and leaf wilting analysis. We conclude that the varied abilities of the species to survive periods of drought stress as seedlings shapes the composition of the plant communities beneath A. australis trees. Furthermore, forest diversity may be impacted by climate change as the predicted intensification of droughts in northern New Zealand is likely to select for drought-tolerant species over drought-intolerant species.