Do hospital bed reduction and multiple system reform affect patient mortality? A trend and multilevel analysis in New Zealand over the period 1988-2001

Abstract

Background: The impact of hospital and system restructuring on the quality and pattern of care is an important issue of public policy concern. Objective: To assess the effect on patterns of care and patient outcomes of a substantial reduction in public hospital bed availability and multiple reorganizations in New Zealand through the 1990s. Research Design: Trend analysis using both tabular and multilevel techniques. Subjects: Access to discharge data, amounting to 6,639,487 records, was secured for all 34 major public hospitals in New Zealand over the period 1988 –2001. Outcome Measures: Number of discharges, admission rate, access levels, mean length of stay, unplanned readmission rate, and 60-day postadmission mortality rate. Results: Although the number of inpatient beds in use declined by one-third over the period and the national population grew by nearly one-fifth, discharge volumes increased significantly and rates of inpatient admission were maintained, as were access levels for vulnerable groups. These changes were accompanied by workload adjustments (a halving in length of stay and an increase by a quarter in readmission rates). Yet age-adjusted postadmission patient mortality decreased by a quarter over the period of study, a rate of decline that was slowed by the major workload adjustments but not by reform phase. Conclusions: Other things being equal, a substantial reduction in inpatient bed availability can be effected in national public hospital systems, while largely maintaining access and quality of care. However, the workload adjustments that are required may slow improvements in patient outcomes.