Transforming Strategic Environmental Assessment to Recognise Theories of Culturisation: The Case Study of Iran

Abstract

The main aim of this research is to develop a contextually appropriate approach for applying strategic environmental assessments (SEAs) in the Islamic Republic of Iran. SEA is identified as the primary mechanism for addressing the serious environmental problems faced by Iran. However, it appears contextual and cultural issues have affected the application and effectiveness of SEA in Iran. Accordingly, this research investigated how to better integrate cultural considerations into SEA by identifying and addressing an assessed gap existing in SEA theory and practice; that is, fully accounting for the influence of culture on SEA through the interaction of dimensions of context such as politics, power relations and religion that are, to a greater or lesser extent, rooted in culture. Accordingly, the thesis develops an analytical framework for examining the culture in which environmental assessment is being applied. In this regard, two approaches were used: first, a perspective of coherent culture, and second, that of integrated research. A qualitative, case study methodology was used and applied for the case of Iran. Discourse analysis was used to analyse the qualitative interview data, backed up by observations noted at the time of interview. Relevant policy and planning documents, legislation and religious texts were analysed to provide background information for the case of Iran. Four discourses around a contextually appropriate approach for applying SEA in Iran were identified and analysed: a) Enabling and capacity building within Iran for the effective application of an adopted Western style of SEA; b) Customising SEA to the context of Iran; c) Applying the Western and standardised model of SEA without any changes to either the Iranian governance system, nor SEA; d) Implementing Western SEA and adapting it to the context of Iran over time through experience. The analysis showed that three of the four forms (a, c and d) have been experienced, but were not sufficiently effective. The Iranian (Islamic) context suggested the application of the Islamisation of knowledge approach. Therefore, from my analysis and the interview findings, a customised approach (b) called ISEA (Islamic SEA), based on the dominant culture of Iran, was suggested. The compatibility of Islamic principles and SEA was then discussed and an initial draft ISEA approach proposed. The potential and limitations of this approach were then analysed. It was concluded that an ISEA approach is insufficient on its own, as it may leave open the possibility of creating a process that is overly influenced by the dominant political-religious culture. The analysis suggested the need to adapt SEA to the local context, but modification of governance to enable SEA would also be required. Accordingly, a modified culturisation approach was developed for improving and supporting a customised SEA approach. Finally, based on the theoretical findings of the research and the methodology used to explore the case of Iran, the analytical culturised framework was suggested for analysing the culture in which SEA is being applied.