Using te reo Māori and ta re Moriori in taxonomy

Abstract

Ko ngā ingoa Linnaean ka noho hei pou mō te pārongo e pā ana ki ngā momo koiora. He mea nui rawa kia mārama, kia ahurei hoki ngā ingoa pūnaha whakarōpū. Me pēnei kia taea ai te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero ā-pūtaiao nei. Nā tēnā kua āta whakatakotohia ētahi ture, tohu ārahi hoki hei whakahaere i ngā whakamārama pūnaha whakarōpū. Kua whakamanahia ēnei kia noho hei tikanga mō te ao pūnaha whakarōpū. Heoi, arā noa atu ngā hua o te tukanga waihanga ingoa Linnaean mō ngā momo koiora i tua atu i te tautohu noa i ngā momo koiora. Ko tētahi o aua hua ko te whakarau: (1) i te mātauranga o ngā iwi takatake, (2) i te kōrero rānei mai i te iwi o te rohe, (3) i ngā kōrero pūrākau rānei mō te wāhi whenua. Kei te piki haere tēnei āhua whakamahinga hei āwhina kia whakamanahia ngā iwi taketake i roto i te mahi pūnaha whakarōpū. Nā tēnā ka whakamanawahia te iwi i runga i tōna mōhio he hoa-rangapū ia i roto i te mahi whiriwhiri ingoa kōrero pūrākau. Kua roa noa atu a Aotearoa e whakamahi ana i te reo taketake o Aotearoa / Rēkohu rānei i roto i te mahi whakamārama pūnaha whakarōpū. Engari ahakoa tērā, kāore i te pērā rawa te kaha o te ao pūnaha whakarōpū ki te whakapiri mai ki ngā iwi taketake i roto i tēnei tukanga. Kei roto i te rangahau nei i arotakengia ngā tau ki muri, me te aha, ko tōna kitenga e pēnei na: mai i tau 1830, neke atu i te 1,288 ngā wā kua whakamahia te reo Māori, te reo Moriori rānei i roto i te pūnaha whakarōpū. Kei te piki haere hoki tēnei tatauranga. Ko tētahi kitenga o te arotake nei, ko te tohu atu i ētahi āhuatanga whakamahi i te reo Māori, reo Moriori hoki. Hei tauira: (1) ngā momo whakarerekētanga whakamahi o ngā kupu “Māori, Moriori” rānei hei tohu atu tērā i ahu mai tēnā momo koiora mai i Aotearoa. (2) ngā ingoa kōrero pūrākau Māori / Moriori mō ngā momo koiora; (3) ngā ingoa whenua Māori / Moriori hoki e whai hononga ana ki ngā momo koiora (4) ētahi ingoa whakamārama i hangaia mai i ngā kupu Māori / Moriori hoki me (5) ētahi ingoa hou kua whakaarahia e te iwi e mahi ngātahi nei ki te taha o ngā kaipūnaha whakarōpū. Ko tā mātou nei, he arotahi he tautoko hoki i te tuarima o ēnei āhuatanga. He pūnaha mahi ngātahi tēnei hei whakamārama i ngā momo koiora. Ka pēnei mā te āta titiro ki ētahi tauira. Ko ēnei tauira ka whakamiramira i ngā huanga me ngā uauatanga o tēnei pūnaha mahi ngātahi hei whakamārama i ngā momo koiora. Ka tuku āwhina hoki mātou hei ārahi i ngā kaipūnaha whakarōpū kia pai ake te whakapiri atu ki te iwi mō te whakamārama momo koiora. Ka mātua matapakihia ngā take e pā ana ki te “whakarōmahanga” o ētahi kupu Māori, te whakamahinga o te tohutō, me te hiranga hoki kia whakapiri atu ki te iwi mā te roanga atu o te tukanga whakaingoa. Ko tā mātou hoki e tohutohu nei kia kohia katoatia ngā ingoa reo Māori, reo Moriori hoki kia noho hei rārangi tohutoro mō te wā anamata hei ārahi i te whakamahinga, hei hanga pātengi raraunga hoki mō Aotearoa. Ko tēnei pātengi raraunga me māmā te tomo atu, me wātea hoki hei rauemi whakamahi mā te kaiarangahau. Linnaean names are an anchor for biological information about a species, and having clear, unique, taxonomic names is vital for scientific communication. Accordingly, there are specific rules and guidelines enshrined in codes that govern nomenclature and taxonomic description. The process of creating Linnean names for species can however provide multiple functions beyond identification, including the incorporation of cultural knowledge, vernacular and place names as epithets. Increasingly this usage helps engage and empower Indigenous cultures in taxonomic work through a shared sense of ownership over the species and the choice of epithet. Aotearoa New Zealand has a long history of using both the indigenous Maori language – te reo, and 2 New Zealand Journal of Ecology, Vol. 43, No. 3, 2019 the Indigenous language of Rekohu (the Chatham Islands) – ta re Moriori, in taxonomic description, but not necessarily one of engaging Maori and Moriori in this process. Here we review this history, finding that since its first use in 1830, te reo and ta re have been incorporated over 1288 times within taxonomic nomenclature, and that this usage is increasing. We identify five central ways in which te reo and ta re have been incorporated, including the use of (1) variations of the words “Maori” and “Moriori” to designate Aotearoa New Zealand origins, (2) Maori / Moriori vernacular names for species, (3) Maori / Moriori place names associated with species, (4) novel descriptive names created from Māori and Moriori words, (5) novel names suggested by Maori in collaboration with taxonomists. We focus on and promote this last, collaborative system for species description through case studies that highlighting the advantages and the potential challenges of this process, and we provide guidance for taxonomists to better engage with iwi / imi in species description. Specifically, we discuss issues relating to the Latinisation of Maori words, the use of macrons, and the need for engagement of iwi / imi throughout the naming process. We also recommend creation of a central depository to log te reo and ta re names to act as a reference for future usage and provide a readily accessible electronic database for Aotearoa New Zealand people and researchers to use.