dc.contributor.author |
Reid, Ian |
en |
dc.contributor.author |
Bolland, Mark |
en |
dc.date.accessioned |
2020-06-12T04:23:28Z |
en |
dc.date.issued |
2020-04-07 |
en |
dc.identifier.citation |
Nutrients 12(4) 07 Apr 2020 |
en |
dc.identifier.issn |
2072-6643 |
en |
dc.identifier.uri |
http://hdl.handle.net/2292/51523 |
en |
dc.description.abstract |
Vitamin D and calcium have different biological functions, so the need for supplementation, and its safety and efficacy, need to be evaluated for each separately. Vitamin D deficiency is usually the result of low sunlight exposure (e.g., in frail older people, those who are veiled, those with dark-skin living at higher latitudes) and is reversible with calciferol 400-800 IU/day. Calcium supplements produce a 1% increase in bone density in the first year of use, without further increases subsequently. Vitamin D supplements do not improve bone density in clinical trials except in analyses of subgroups with baseline levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D <30 nmol/L. Supplementation with calcium, vitamin D, or their combination does not prevent fractures in community-dwelling adults, but a large study in vitamin D-deficient nursing home residents did demonstrate fracture prevention. When treating osteoporosis, co-administration of calcium with anti-resorptive drugs has not been shown to impact on treatment efficacy. Correction of severe vitamin D deficiency (<25 nmol/L) is necessary before use of potent anti-resorptive drugs to avoid hypocalcemia. Calcium supplements cause gastrointestinal side effects, particularly constipation, and increase the risk of kidney stones and, probably, heart attacks by about 20%. Low-dose vitamin D is safe, but doses >4000 IU/day have been associated with more falls and fractures. Current evidence does not support use of either calcium or vitamin D supplements in healthy community-dwelling adults. |
en |
dc.format.medium |
Electronic |
en |
dc.language |
eng |
en |
dc.relation.ispartofseries |
Nutrients |
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dc.rights |
Items in ResearchSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated. Previously published items are made available in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher. |
en |
dc.rights.uri |
https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/docs/uoa-docs/rights.htm |
en |
dc.rights.uri |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
en |
dc.title |
Calcium and/or Vitamin D Supplementation for the Prevention of Fragility Fractures: Who Needs It? |
en |
dc.type |
Journal Article |
en |
dc.identifier.doi |
10.3390/nu12041011 |
en |
pubs.issue |
4 |
en |
pubs.volume |
12 |
en |
dc.rights.holder |
Copyright: The authors |
en |
pubs.publication-status |
Published |
en |
dc.rights.accessrights |
http://purl.org/eprint/accessRights/OpenAccess |
en |
pubs.subtype |
review-article |
en |
pubs.subtype |
Review |
en |
pubs.subtype |
Journal Article |
en |
pubs.elements-id |
799073 |
en |
pubs.org-id |
Medical and Health Sciences |
en |
pubs.org-id |
School of Medicine |
en |
pubs.org-id |
Medicine Department |
en |
pubs.org-id |
Science |
en |
pubs.org-id |
Science Research |
en |
pubs.org-id |
Maurice Wilkins Centre (2010-2014) |
en |
dc.identifier.eissn |
2072-6643 |
en |
pubs.record-created-at-source-date |
2020-04-11 |
en |
pubs.dimensions-id |
32272593 |
en |