A thelytokous predatory mite is more cannibalistic towards distant kin

Abstract

Kin recognition has been widely observed in various taxa. Cannibalism avoidance may be a strong driver for the evolution of kin recognition, as it may avoid a reduction in inclusive fitness. Kin recognition has recently been observed in a generalist phytoseiid, <i>Amblyseius herbicolus</i> (Acari: Phytoseiidae). This study experimentally examined the degree of relatedness needed between prey larvae and cannibal adults of <i>A. herbicolus</i> for the occurrence of kin discrimination. The adults were individually placed in enclosed arenas with two prey, a daughter and a more distant related larva, to observe their cannibalizing choice. The adults of <i>A. herbicolus</i> did not discriminate between close relatives (daughter versus niece) but preferably cannibalized more distant kin (i.e., first and second cousins once removed). Phenotype matching and familiarization seem prominent as recognition mechanisms used by <i>A. herbicolus</i> adults. The effect of learning on kin recognition through prior contact in <i>A. herbicolus</i> requires further investigation. Studies on other adaptive functions of kin recognition of <i>A. herbicolus</i>, such as cooperation and parental care, may provide meaningful insights.